Channel 6 radio stations in the United States

This is a list of low-power television stations (LPTV) in the United States, transmitting on VHF channel 6, which also operate as radio stations capable of being picked up by many standard FM receivers. These stations are colloquially known as "Franken FMs", a reference to Frankenstein's monster, because TV stations functioning as radio stations had not been envisioned by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).[1] The FCC commonly refers to these stations as "FM6" operations. All of these FM transmissions are authorized for operation on a center frequency of 87.75 MHz.

First devised in 2002, until July 14, 2021 most of these stations employed the original NTSC-M analog TV transmission standard. However, as of that date the FCC required that all TV stations that had not received a waiver had to cease analog transmissions, which meant that only the stations using a modified version of the ATSC 3.0 "NextGen TV" digital standard could still be received by standard FM radios.

On July 20, 2023, an FCC "Report and Order" restricted these operations to only the 13 stations currently holding Special Temporary Authority (STA) grants, with no additional authorizations permitted, except for the possible addition of WVOA-LD in Westvale, New York.[2]

Stations currently authorized using a modified ATSC 3.0 standard

The following channel 6 LPTV stations have been authorized to use versions of the ATSC 3.0 digital TV standard that includes an FM analog signal receivable on standard radios at 87.75 FM.

California

  • KEFM-LD Sacramento
  • KRPE-LD San Diego
  • KBKF-LD San Jose
  • KZNO-LD Big Bear Lake

Colorado

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Nevada

New York

Tennessee

Virginia

Background

These stations transmit an analog FM signal centered at 87.75 MHz, designated by receiver and station marketing as "87.7 FM". This is just below the lowest FM band frequency of 87.9 MHz, and within the internationally recognized Band II, which extends down to 87.5 MHz and is thus receivable by most consumer radios. Although primarily functioning as radio stations, they are formally licensed as TV stations, thus are still required to provide some sort of video signal in order to comply with FCC regulations. However the type of TV programming is not specified, and low-power TV stations are exempt from educational and informational programming mandates and are thus — unlike full-power and Class A TV stations — not required to provide three hours of educational children's programming per week.

The existence of largely unregulated commercial radio stations at 87.7 MHz, adjacent to the 87.9 to 91.9 FM frequencies (channels 200-220) reserved for non-commercial operations, led to requests that the FCC either eliminate, or formally regulate, these stations.[3] In an October 2014 review, the FCC requested comments on "whether to allow LPTV stations on digital television channel 6 (82-88 MHz) to operate analog FM radio-type services on an ancillary or supplementary basis pursuant to section 73.624(c) of the rules".[4] In 2015 the commission further stated that: "We intend to issue a decision on whether to permit digital LPTV stations to operate analog FM radio type services on an ancillary or supplementary basis at a later date."[5] On December 4, 2019 the FCC issued a Public Notice that solicited additional public comments, in preparation for the July 13, 2021 deadline for all LPTV stations to switch from analog to digital transmissions.[6] However, the commission never made a formal decision about the status of these stations.

On May 17, 2022 Jessica Rosenworcel, head FCC commissioner, announced that one of the agenda items for an upcoming FCC Open Meeting, "Preserving Local Radio Programming (MB Docket No. 03-185)", "will consider a proposal to allow these broadcasters to continue their existing FM6 radio service, provided that they meet certain conditions, including interference protection and the provision of a synchronous TV service to consumers."[7] However, this agenda item was dropped as being no longer needed,[8] due to the June 6, 2022 adoption of a "Fifth Notice of Proposed Rulemaking" for MB Docket No. 03-185, which requested additional public comments about the best use of the frequencies assigned to TV channel 6.[9]

On July 20, 2023, the FCC's fifth "Report and Order" was unanimously adopted.[2] This for the first time formally defined regulatory standards for what the FCC labeled as "FM6" operations, which included:

  • Only the 13 LPTV stations that, as of that date, held Special Temporary Authority (STA) grants would be allowed to conduct FM6 operations. No additional ones will be approved, with the possible exception of WVOA-LD in Westvale, New York, due to delays caused by that station's need to coordinate with Canadian authorities.
  • All FM6 operations are required to transmit on a center frequency of 87.75 MHz, with operation on 87.7 MHz disallowed.
  • Stations that end their FM6 operations will not be allowed to restart them later.
  • Because they are formally defined as an "ancillary or supplementary" service, commercial FM6 broadcasts are subject to the five percent fee on the gross revenue of such services and must submit an Annual DTV Ancillary/Supplementary Services Report.
  • Due to their status as de facto radio stations, the FM6 operations are subject to the same emergency alert and online public file requirements as standard radio stations.
  • The FM6 broadcast operations will not be licensed, or transferable, separately from the parent LPTV station license.
  • In addition to the FM6 signal, as LPTV stations they have to provide at least one separate, and free, over-the-air TV broadcast.
  • The FM6 signal coverage is limited to no more than the range of the TV signal. (LPTV stations operating on VHF TV channels, which includes channel 6, are licensed for an Effective Radiated Power (ERP) of no more than 3 kilowatts)

History

Analog TV transmissions

Under the original NTSC-M analog standards, a TV station's audio and video components are broadcast separately, with the audio transmitted as an FM signal. In 1945, TV channel 6 was assigned use of 82-88 MHz,[10] with the channel's audio located at a center frequency of 87.75 MHz. That same year the standard FM broadcasting band was reassigned to 80 channels from 88.1 to 105.9 MHz, which was soon expanded to 100 channels ending at 107.9 MHz (channels 201–300).[11][12] One additional FM channel, at 87.9 MHz (channel 200), was added in 1978.[13]

The location of TV channel 6's audio just below the FM band meant that many consumer FM radios could readily pick up the sound from channel 6 stations. Full-power stations sometimes promoted this as a valuable feature for commuters and in emergency situations, although the primary audience remained TV viewers. A few specialty "TV Sound" receivers were sold that could pick up audio from the VHF band TV stations, which were sometimes marketed to office workers who wanted to listen to their favorite daytime TV programs.[14] Also, some Japanese and Soviet receivers could tune further down the VHF low band, making it possible to receive audio from VHF channel 5 at 81.75 MHz using Japanese band receivers that tuned to 76 MHz, while Soviet OIRT band receivers included audio reception of VHF channels 4 (71.75 MHz) and 3 (65.75 MHz).

In 1982, licensing began of a new classification of "Low Power Television" stations (LPTV).[15] Eventually a small number of channel 6 LPTV stations determined it was more profitable to operate as de facto radio stations, although this had not been anticipated by the FCC. On August 1, 2002 KZND-LP, a channel 6 LPTV station in Anchorage, Alaska, began promoting itself as a musical format radio station on 87.7 MHz.[16] Competing local conventional radio stations quickly challenged this as a misuse of a TV station authorization, but the FCC determined that as long as KZNP transmitted sufficient visual features, which did not have to be coordinated with the sound, the station was in compliance with regulations. Moreover, as a TV station it was exempt from having to follow any radio station rules.[17] In early 2008 Monitoring Times magazine reported the existence of three channel 6 de facto radio stations in addition to KZND: KSFV-LP in Los Angeles; K06NC in Kauai, Hawaii; and WNYZ-LP in New York City.[18] A Radio World review later that year identified a total of eight ongoing examples.[19] In late 2019, InsideRadio identified 28 active stations.[20]

While operating using analog transmissions, television video commonly consisted of minimal offerings, such as still frames, test patterns, automated weather conditions and news, or silent films. Audio for both television and FM reception was identical. (TV signals potentially could have carried separate audio through their Second audio program (SAP) feeds, although none did so as of 2019.) With the mandatory 2009 digital television transition in the United States, full power TV stations were required to switch from analog to ATSC 1.0 digital transmissions. This meant that their audio could no longer be picked up by FM radios, as the ATSC 1.0 format is incompatible with both FM's analog and digital in-band on-channel HD Radio standards.

LPTV stations that transmitted FM radio programming using the analog standard prior to July 14, 2021

The following channel 6 low power TV stations previously included radio-style programming on an FM analog signal centered on 87.75 MHz when broadcasting using the NTSC-M analog TV standard:

Alaska

California

Colorado

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Louisiana

Maryland

  • WOWZ-LP Salisbury

Mississippi

Nevada

New York

Texas

  • KFLZ-LP San Antonio
  • KZFW-LP Dallas
  • KJIB-LP Houston
    • KJIB broadcast audio at 87.89 MHz because of interference from other channel 6 low-power stations. The station was licensed only to channel 5, and its license surrendered in 2014, but a local church has tried to modify the terms of license to allow its operation. The FCC in 2018 submitted a Notice of Unlicensed Operation to the station.
  • KIPS-LD in Beaumont

Virginia

Wyoming

Digital TV transmissions

Attempts to have analog FM signals coexist with the original ATSC 1.0 digital standards proved unsuccessful. In 2009 WRGB, a full-power channel 6 station in Schenectady, New York, was ordered by the FCC to cease experimentation.[21][22] In 2012 Venture Technologies Group, which owns several channel 6 low power TV stations in major markets, applied to install modified versions of the ATSC 1.0 standard in order to add an FM signal for channel 6 LPTV stations KFMP-LP in Lubbock, Texas and WBPA-LP in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. However, the FCC denied this request, stating that, among other deficiencies, this "proposal is likely to increase the interference potential to co-channel DTV operations".[23]

A newer, and currently optional, digital TV transmission standard, "NextGen TV" ATSC 3.0, was determined to have more potential, and Venture Technologies developed a revised approach for allowing an analog FM audio subcarrier to coexist with an ATSC 3.0 digital TV signal.[1][24] The company cited the FCC rules, which provides that "DTV broadcast stations are permitted to offer services of any nature, consistent with the public interest, convenience, and necessity, on an ancillary or supplementary basis", and in general affords broadcasters broad permission "to offer services of any nature" as long as they "do not derogate DTV broadcast stations' obligations" to transmit at least one over-the-air video program signal at no direct charge to viewers,[25] a distinction that Venture says allows a digital television signal to incorporate an FM analog subcarrier.[26]

The basic ATSC 3.0 standard specifies a full 6 MHz channel for the digital signal, but running a hybrid DTV/FM service reduces the DTV transmission bandwidth slightly, shifting the center frequency of the digital signal about 160 kHz below the channel center.[27] To ensure the analog FM signal does not interfere with the ATSC 3.0 DTV signal, a modified combiner and filtering system must be used prior to feeding the broadcast signals to the antenna.[28]

A switchover to digital transmissions was not immediately required for low power TV stations, and some channel 6 stations retained their analog transmitters in order to function primarily as radio stations. The FCC notified these stations that eventually all low power TV stations would be required to convert to digital transmissions, which, after a series of extensions, was set for July 13, 2021.[29] On July 6, 2021 an FCC Public Notice reiterated that "After 11:59 p.m. local time on July 13, 2021, LPTV/translator stations may no longer operate any facility in analog mode and all analog licenses shall automatically cancel at that time, without any affirmative action by the Commission."[30] (A waiver, delaying the required change until January 10, 2022, was issued for 15 Alaska translators, but a low-power Alaska station broadcasting on channel 6, KNIK-LP in Anchorage, was not included in this waiver.)[31] The prohibition of LPTV analog transmissions resulted in the elimination of an estimated 28 de facto radio operations,[32] although some of these stations eventually returned after installing upgraded ATSC 3.0 transmitters.

Venture's KBKF-LD in San Jose, California began transmitting an FM subcarrier using the ATSC 3.0 TV standard in February 2021. On June 10, 2021 the FCC issued a six-month Special Temporary Authority (STA) grant allowing KBKF-LD to include analog FM broadcasts on 87.75 MHz using this dual transmission approach.[33] A second Venture station, WRME-LD in Chicago, was also provisionally authorized to use the new standard, until January 10, 2022.[32]

STA applications for ATSC 3.0/FM operation by KXDP-LD in Denver,[34] WMTO-LD in Norfolk, Virginia[35] and WTBS-LD in Atlanta[36] were approved July 16, 2021, for the period through January 15, 2022. On July 27, 2021 an STA was issued for KZNO-LD in Big Bear Lake, California, expiring on January 27, 2022.[37]

See also

References
  1. "MeTV FM goes from low-power TV station to top-10 Chicago radio station" by Robert Channick, Chicago Tribune, May 3, 2018.
  2. "Fifth Report and Order: In the Matter of Amendment of Parts 73 and 74 of the Commission's Rules to Establish Rules for Digital Low Power Television and Television Translator Stations" (FCC 23-58, MB Docket No. 03-185, Adopted: July 20, 2023, Released: July 20, 2023)
  3. "They're alive — but NPR wants to drive a stake in 'Franken FMs'" by Tyler Falk, February 4, 2020 (current.org)
  4. "E. Operation of Analog Radio Services by Digital LPTV Stations as Ancillary or Supplementary Services", Third Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (FCC 14-151), Adopted: October 9, 2014, Released October 10, 2014, page 12,554.
  5. "Amendment of Parts 73 and 74 of the Commission's Rules to Establish Rules for Digital Low Power Television and Television Translator Stations; Expanding the Economic and Innovation Opportunities of Spectrum Through Incentive Auctions; Amendment of Part 15 of the Commission's Rules to Eliminate the Analog Tuner Requirement", Third Report and Order and Fourth Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 30 FCC Rcd. 14927 ¶ 4 n. 12. (2015).
  6. "Media Bureau Seeks to Update the Record on the Operation of Analog Radio Services by Digital LPTV Stations as Ancillary or Supplementary Service" (DA 19-1231, MB Docket No. 03-185), December 4, 2019 (FCC.gov)
  7. "June 2022 Open Meeting Agenda" by Jessica Rosenworcel, May 17, 2022 (FCC.gov)
  8. "Deletion of Item From June 8, 2022 Open Meeting", June 7, 2022 (FCC.gov)
  9. "MB Docket No. 03-185: Fifth Notice of Proposed Rulemaking", Adopted: June 6, 2022, Released: June 7, 2022 (FCC.gov)
  10. "FCC Allocations Order Text: Alternative Three, Broadcasting, July 2, 1945, page 68.
  11. "FCC Allocates 88-106 mc Band to FM" by Bill Bailey, Broadcasting, July 2, 1945, pages 13-14.
  12. "FCC Allocations Order Text", Broadcasting, July 2, 1945, pages 64-68.
  13. "FCC moves to overhaul rules for noncommercial radio and TV", Broadcasting, June 12, 1978, page 50.
  14. "AM/FM/TV Sound Portable" Radio Shack 1992 Catalog, page 42.
  15. "Community Broadcasters Protection Act of 1999: Background and Need for Legislation", October 14, 1999, page 4.
  16. In 2023, the FCC traced the earliest activities to 1980, but did not identify the stations involved.
  17. "Alaska's New Rock Rebel" by Adam Jacobson, Radio and Records, January 4, 2002, pages 1, 12.
  18. "AM Bandscan: TV on the Radio" by Doug Smith, Monitoring Times, February 2008, pages 54-55.
  19. "Concerns Raised About 'Franken FMs'" by Randy J. Stine, December 16, 2008 (radioworld.com)
  20. "Franken FMs Are Seeking A New Lease On Life. But The FCC Remains Undecided", December 5, 2019 (insideradio.com)
  21. "Digital TV - Feb. 2009" (cbs6albany.com)
  22. "Regarding CBS 6 radio simulcast on 87.9 FM", memorandum from CBS 6 vice president and general manager Robert Furlong, August 24, 2009 (cbs6albany.com)
  23. Correspondence from Hossein Hashemzadeh, Deputy Chief, Video Division, Media Bureau, Federal Communications Commission, August 2, 2012.
  24. "Robservations: Me-TV FM license owner isn't losing sleep over FCC deadline" by Robert Feder, July 14, 2020 (robertfeder.com)
  25. "Code of Federal Regulations: 47 CFR § 73.624 - Digital television broadcast stations" (law.cornell.edu)
  26. "Time Running Out for FM6 Stations?" by Randy J. Stine, May 31, 2021 (radioworld.com)
  27. O'Neal, James (February 2, 2022). "Next-Generation 'Franken FMs' on the Rise". TV Technology. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
  28. O'Neal, James (March 16, 2022). "'Franken FMs' Part II: A Look at the 'May/December' Marriage of Radio and TV". TV Technology. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
  29. "FCC Reminds LPTV Stations Of 7/13/21 Digital Conversion Date; Setting Drop-Dead Date For Franken-FMs" by Lance Venta, July 13, 2020 (radioinsight.com)
  30. "FCC Public Notice: Media Bureau Reminds Low Power Television and Television Translator Stations That the July 13, 2021, Digital Transition Date and Other Important Deadlines Are One Week Away" (DA 21-786), July 6, 2021 (FCC.gov)
  31. "In the Matter of State of Alaska Request for Waiver of Section 74.731(m) of the Commission's Rules - Low Power Television Analog Termination Date" (PDF). Federal Communications Commission. June 21, 2021.
  32. "Franken FMs Have A Week Left To Live; Two Will Remain In Test Of New Technology", July 7, 2021 (insideradio.com)
  33. "Re: Request for Special Temporary Authority: KBKF-LD, San Jose, CA" (correspondence from Barbara A. Kreisman, Chief, Video Division, Media Bureau), June 10, 2021 (FCC.gov)
  34. "LPTV Engineering STA Application: KXDP-LD" (FCC.gov)
  35. "LPTV Engineering STA Application: WMTO-LD" (FCC.gov)
  36. "LPTV Engineering STA Application: WTBS-LD" (FCC.gov)
  37. "LPTV Engineering STA Application: KZNO-LD" (FCC.gov)
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