Franz Josef / Waiau

Franz Josef / Waiau is a small town in the West Coast region of the South Island of New Zealand. Whataroa is 32 kilometres (20 mi) to the north-east, and the township of Fox Glacier is 23 kilometres (14 mi) to the south-west. The Waiho River runs from the Franz Josef Glacier to the south, through the town, and into the Tasman Sea to the north-west.[3][4]

Franz Josef / Waiau
Village
Franz Josef (middle left), next to the Waiho River, as seen from Alex Knob
Franz Josef (middle left), next to the Waiho River, as seen from Alex Knob
Coordinates: 43°23′17″S 170°10′55″E
CountryNew Zealand
RegionWest Coast
DistrictWestland District
WardSouthern
Electorates
Government
 • Territorial AuthorityWestland District Council
 • Regional councilWest Coast Regional Council
 • Mayor of WestlandHelen Lash
 • West Coast-Tasman MPMaureen Pugh
 • Te Tai Tonga MPTākuta Ferris
Area
[1]
 • Total5.31 km2 (2.05 sq mi)
Population
 (June 2023)[2]
 • Total530
 • Density100/km2 (260/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+12 (NZST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+13 (NZDT)
Postcode
7886
Area code03
Local iwiNgāi Tahu
Grahams Hotel at the toe of the Franz Josef Glacier, 1932.
Established about 1911 by the Graham brothers and run by them it was sold to the New Zealand Government in 1947

Name

Local Māori called the area Waiau, which means swirling waters.[5] In the 1860s Sir Julius von Haast named the Franz Josef Glacier in honour of the Emperor of Austria Franz Josef I of Austria.[6] The town Franz Josef was then named after the glacier.

Following the passage of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, the name of the town was officially altered to Franz Josef / Waiau.[7]

Geography

Flood protection

The bed of the Waiho (Waiau) River has significantly risen over the years, and increased rainfall and snow melt from the retreating glacier has caused the river's water flow to vary greatly. The riverbed is currently predicted to rise 2 m every 10 years, and in 30 years will be higher than the town itself.[8][9] A flood in February 2016 caused $30 million of damage.[9] In a severe rain storm on 26 March 2019, 400 millimetres (16 in) of rain fell and the bridge over the Waiho, the only road connection to south Westland, was destroyed.[10] The town was flooded and hundreds were evacuated. The bridge and one abutment was rebuilt and the road link reopened after 18 days at a cost of NZ$6m.[11]

Flood protection was deemed a priority for the township of Franz Josef, and a $24m package was approved by the Government in July 2020, as part of the COVID-19 economic stimulus package.[12] The work included $18m for rock embankments on the north and south banks, and $3.8m to raise the level of the highway bridge. The work had not begun as of January 2021, leading to criticism from National MP Maureen Pugh and Regional Council head Allan Birchfield.[12][13] MP Damien O'Connor said "piling more rocks around the river" was not a long-term solution.[14]

One proposal made in a 2017 report was to remove embankments on the river's southern bank, allowing it to widen and flood several thousand hectares of farmland. This would affect 82 people and 40 properties, who would need compensation by central government.[9] In September 2021, $400,000 of emergency work was approved on the southern bank stopbank.[15]

Another proposal for the future of Franz Josef is to relocate the entire town away from the flood danger and the alpine fault to the shore of Lake Mapourika, 10 km north of the town.[8][9] The estimated cost for this is $300–$600 million, or as high as $1 billion.[16][17][9]

Demographics

Franz Josef is defined by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement and covers 5.31 km2 (2.05 sq mi).[1] It had an estimated population of 530 as of June 2023,[2] with a population density of 100 inhabitants per square kilometre (260/sq mi). The settlement is part of the larger Westland Glaciers-Bruce Bay statistical area.[18]

Historical population for Franz Josef
YearPop.±% p.a.
2006303—    
2013330+1.23%
2018483+7.92%
Source: [19]

Franz Josef had a population of 483 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 153 people (46.4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 180 people (59.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 195 households, comprising 243 males and 237 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.03 males per female, with 48 people (9.9%) aged under 15 years, 216 (44.7%) aged 15 to 29, 213 (44.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 6 (1.2%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 60.2% European/Pākehā, 7.5% Māori, 7.5% Pasifika, 23.6% Asian, and 6.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 54.0% had no religion, 31.7% were Christian, 6.2% were Hindu, 0.6% were Muslim, and 2.5% were Buddhist.

Of those at least 15 years old, 117 (26.9%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 39 (9.0%) people had no formal qualifications. 24 people (5.5%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 381 (87.6%) people were employed full-time, 21 (4.8%) were part-time, and 3 (0.7%) were unemployed.[19]

Although Franz Josef has only 330 local ratepayers, it regularly received 600,000 tourist visitors a year until the COVID-19 epidemic restricted travel to New Zealand.[9]

Westland Glaciers-Bruce Bay statistical area

Westland Glaciers-Bruce Bay, which also includes Fox Glacier, covers 3,057.42 km2 (1,180.48 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 1,150 as of June 2023,[20] with a population density of 0.38 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.98/sq mi).

Historical population for Westland Glaciers-Bruce Bay
YearPop.±% p.a.
2006963—    
2013876−1.34%
20181,074+4.16%
Source: [21]

Westland Glaciers-Bruce Bay had a population of 1,074 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 198 people (22.6%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 111 people (11.5%) since the 2006 census. There were 477 households, comprising 549 males and 528 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.04 males per female. The median age was 31.3 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 111 people (10.3%) aged under 15 years, 378 (35.2%) aged 15 to 29, 525 (48.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 57 (5.3%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 69.6% European/Pākehā, 7.5% Māori, 4.7% Pasifika, 17.0% Asian, and 6.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 48.0, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 53.1% had no religion, 33.0% were Christian, 0.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 3.9% were Hindu, 0.3% were Muslim, 2.0% were Buddhist and 1.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 222 (23.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 102 (10.6%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $33,000, compared with $31,800 nationally. 75 people (7.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 792 (82.2%) people were employed full-time, 69 (7.2%) were part-time, and 12 (1.2%) were unemployed.[21]

Tourism

The glacier's terminal face is 5 kilometres (3 mi) from the town and its accessibility makes it a major tourist attraction and the reason many people visit Franz Josef. The town is within the Westland Tai Poutini National Park.

State Highway 6 running through Franz Josef

Franz Josef offers many accommodation options for the up to 2,000 people staying overnight during the main season, ranging from hotels and motels to holiday houses, camping sites and backpacker accommodation. Other amenities include a petrol station, small but busy heliport and a number of restaurants and shops.[22] The village is connected to the Franz Josef Glacier valley via walking tracks and a small sealed road leading into the valley from the highway just south of the village.

Franz Josef village is also home to the West Coast Wildlife Centre, a public/private partnership with the Department of Conservation and local iwi, dedicated to the hatching and incubation of the world's two rarest species of kiwi, the rowi and Haast tokoeka. The centre is open from 8.30am daily and offers a 24-hour general pass as well as VIP guided backstage pass tours for behind-the-scenes tours of its kiwi hatching and rearing facilities.[23]

Churches

St James Church
Main article: St James Church, Franz Josef
St James Church, 2020

St James Church is a small Anglican church in a bush setting overlooking the Waiho River to the south of Franz Josef township, within the Ross and South Westland Parish.[24] Opened in 1931, the church is notable for its use of clear glass windows behind the altar giving views of the river, mountains and bush beyond. At times during the church's history, Franz Josef Glacier has been visible through the altar window. St James Church was designated as a category 1 historic place by Heritage New Zealand in 1990.[25]

Our Lady of the Alps
Our Lady of the Alps, 2020

Our Lady of the Alps is a small Catholic church next to State Highway 6 on the southern fringe of Franz Josef, within the South Westland parish of Our Lady of the Woods.[26] The church was dedicated, blessed and opened on 23 December 1951. It is similar in style to Swiss mountain churches with a steeply pitched roof to shed snow, and has prominent buttresses. The porch includes two St Bernard stained-glass windows, one depicting a coil of rope with an ice pick and ski pole crossed, and the other crossed skis and a shield with a flask of brandy and a loaf of bread.[27]

Mass is held at Our Lady of the Alps weekly, on the first and third Sundays and second fourth and fifth Saturdays of each month.[26]

Transport and infrastructure

State Highway 6 passes through the town.

Westpower owns and operates the local distribution network in Franz Josef. Electricity is supplied from the national grid at Hokitika via Westpower's 146-kilometre-long (91 mi) 33 kV line from Hokitika to Fox Glacier.[28]: 115  Manawa Energy owns the 3 MW Wahapo hydroelectric power station, 20 km (12 mi) north of the town. This station can operate islanded and supply the town if the grid supply is lost.[29][30]

The Westland District Council owns and operates reticulated water and wastewater systems in the town.[31][32]

Education

Franz Josef Glacier School is a coeducational full primary (year 1–8) school with a roll of 38 students as of April 2023.[33] The nearest secondary school is South Westland Area School, 62 km (39 mi) away in Hari Hari.

The school roll has fluctuated between 12 and 57, and is largely driven by families moving to or from Franz Josef to work in tourism. In 2002 the roll was 45, dropping to 12 in 2012, increasing to 51 in 2018, and dropping to 34 in 2022 as tourism businesses closed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The school has twice been reduced to a single teacher when student numbers have dropped below 25.[34]

References
  1. "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  2. "Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (regional councils); "Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (territorial authorities); "Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (urban areas)
  3. Peter Dowling, ed. (2004). Reed New Zealand Atlas. Reed Books. map 74. ISBN 0-7900-0952-8.
  4. Roger Smith, GeographX (2005). The Geographic Atlas of New Zealand. Robbie Burton. map 173. ISBN 1-877333-20-4.
  5. "Franz Josef/Waiau". NZGB Gazetteer. LINZ. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  6. "Franz Josef/Waiau". NZGB Gazetteer. LINZ. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  7. "Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998". Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  8. Benoit, Lisa (10 October 2017). "Move could be reality for Franz Josef town". Newstalk ZB.
  9. Macmanus, Joel (10 May 2019). "Provincial Growth Fund rejects Franz Josef township move". Stuff. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  10. Gorman, Paul; Guildford, Jonathan; Kitchin, Tom (26 March 2019). "State of emergency on West Coast as heavy rain batters region, wipes out bridge". Stuff. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  11. Guildford, Jonathan (2 May 2019). "West Coast's Waiho River bridge to close at night as final construction begins". The Press. p. 3. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  12. Williams, Lois (13 January 2020). "Govt action urged at 'gloomy' glaciers". Hokitika Guardian. p. 3.
  13. Murdoch, Helen (14 January 2021). "MP seeks answers on funding delay". Hokitika Guardian. p. 3.
  14. Williams, Lois (25 January 2021). "Pugh questions Franz delays". Hokitika Guardian. p. 3.
  15. Williams, Lois (6 September 2021). "Go ahead given for Waiho River stopbank". Hokitika Guardian. p. 2.
  16. Mitchell, Charlie (26 October 2017). "Moving Franz Josef township from fault line would cost $300m". Stuff.
  17. McMahon, Brendon (26 October 2017). "Report finds cost to move Franz Josef township close to $600m". New Zealand Herald.
  18. census place summary 2018 2018 Census place summary: westland-glaciers-bruce-bay
  19. "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. 7023819 and 7023820.
  20. "Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  21. "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Westland Glaciers-Bruce Bay (311300). 2018 Census place summary: Westland Glaciers-Bruce Bay
  22. "Franz Josef Glacier Village". Tourism New Zealand. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  23. Anna Turner (20 July 2012). "Influx of kiwi eggs forces centre expansion". The Press. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  24. "St James – Waiho Gorge – Ross and South Westland Parish". Anglican Life. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  25. Lovell-Smith, Melanie (2 June 2003). "St James Church (Anglican)". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  26. "South Westland – Our Lady of the Woods Parish – Our Lady of the Alps (Franz Josef)". Catholic Diocese of Christchurch. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  27. Donovan, Don (2002). Country Churches of New Zealand. Auckland: New Holland. p. 121. ISBN 1869660153.
  28. "2023 Asset Management Plan" (PDF). Westpower. 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  29. "West Coast Lifelines Vulnerability and Interdependency Assessment - Supplement 8 Energy Lifelines Assets" (PDF). West Coast Civil Defence Emergency Management Group. August 2017.
  30. "West Coast slip 'bigger problem than Waiho bridge' - mayor". RNZ. 8 December 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  31. "Water Services". Westland District Council. 20 August 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  32. "Wastewater". Westland District Council. 20 August 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  33. "New Zealand Schools Directory". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  34. Sherman, Janna (9 February 2022). "School loses teacher". Hokitika Guardian. p. 1.
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