Constitution of France

The preamble of the constitution recalls the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen from 1789 and establishes France as a secular and democratic country, deriving its sovereignty from the people.

Since 2005 it includes the ten articles of the Charter for the Environment.

The French Constitution established a semi-presidential system of government, with two competing readings.[4] On one hand, the executive branch has both a President of the Republic and a Prime Minister, which is commonly seen in parliamentary systems with a symbolic President and a Prime Minister who directs the government.[4] This reading is supported by Articles 5 and 21 of the Constitution, which respectively states that the President is a Guardian of the State and of the Constitution, while the Prime Minister has the power to decide on Government's actions and policies.[4]

On the other hand, the Parliament is very weak for a parliamentary system.[4] Parliament has a limited legislative competence: article 34 of the Constitution lists domains exclusive to Parliamentary legislation, but the remaining domains are left to the Executive's regulations.[4] The President also has the crucial powers to call a referendum and to dissolve the National Assembly.[4] While Parliament may make a vote of no confidence on the government, since 1962 a majority in the National Assembly has supported the Government.[4]

Charles de Gaulle, the first President of the Fifth Republic, was instrumental in the adoption of the new constitution, as he was called back from retirement and narrowly avoided a coup resulting from the Algerian War.[5][4] De Gaulle always supported the second interpretation of the constitution, in favor of a powerful President.[4] The first socialist President François Mitterrand, elected in 1981, also supported this interpretation.[4]

Beginning in 1986, elections have from time to time resulted in Parliaments with a majority that did not support the President.[4] Such periods as known in France as cohabitation, where a President appoints a Prime Minister from the new parliamentary majority.[4] During cohabitation, besides powers reserved to the President by the Constitution,[6] all other government powers would be exercised by the Prime Minister.[4] In 2000, the Constitution was amended by shortening the President's term of office from seven years to five, coinciding with the term of Parliament.[4] The amendment means the Presidential election would take place around the Parliamentary election, making it more likely to have winners who agree with one another and make cohabitation less likely.[4]

The Constitution provides for the election of the President and the Parliament, the selection of the Government, the powers of each and the relations between them.[4] It ensures judicial authority and creates a High Court (a never-as-yet-convened court for trying the Government),[7] a Constitutional Council (an innovation of the Fifth Republic),[4] and an Economic and Social Council.

A unique feature of the Constitution of the Fifth Republic is that it establishes a shared law-making power between two branches of government, the legislative branch, where such powers resided in previous constitutions, and the executive branch headed by the President and his appointed Prime Minister.[8]

Parliament has the fundamental responsibility for passing legislation in the Fifth Republic. There are two Houses of Parliament, the National Assembly and the Senate. The Assembly is directly elected, and the more important, and has primary power in passing legislation; the Senate can delay, but ultimately not block it.[9]

Traditionally, the Prime Minister is the executive branch's liaison with Parliament; Article 49 says they must pledge this role. This is weaker than the constitutions of the Third or Fourth republics, where the government could not be installed until Parliament had received the pledge from the Prime Minister.[10]

The unique aspect in the Fifth Republic is in Article 21, where the Prime Minister has the power to make legislation.[8] In another unique feature in Article 38, the Parliament can temporarily delegate a portion of its constitutional law-making power to the government to enable rapid consummation of urgent legislation, by passing an enabling law of legislative delegation called a loi d'habilitation ("enabling law").[10]

According to Article 21, a loi d'habilitation may be issued by Parliament upon request of the government to temporarily delegate Parliament's constitutional law-making power to the government in a specifically defined subject area and for a specific length of time. While in effect, Parliament is blocked from issuing statutes in that area, and the government is permitted to draw up ordonnances that normally would be beyond their remit. The ordonnance comes into effect immediately, but must be ratified by Parliament before the end of the period or it expires. Until ratification, the ordonnance has the same status as a réglement (regulation), and can therefor be challenged by the Council of State; but after ratification, it takes on the same status as a statute (loi), and can no longer be challenged. In practice, there have been 23 such lois d'habilitation from 1960 to 1990, with effective periods from one month to three and a half years, resulting in 150 ordonnances. About a third of them were subsequently ratified by Parliament. The loi d'habilitation is a new constitutional feature, not present in earlier constitutions.[10]

French Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Declaration of the Rights of Man (in French)

Power sharing was unique in being part of the constitution in the Fifth Republic, but the practice was not recent. The determination that Parliament has responsibility for the law goes back to article 6 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man of 1789, and the role of the executive branch was only to execute it. In theory, Parliament would specify general laws, and the executive could only make regulations about how to apply the laws to day-to-day situations. In practice, this turned out differently, as Parliament on its own initiative sometimes passed acts delegating to the executive the right to alter or void acts of Parliament, called décrets-lois. This practice slowly found its way into the Constitution.[11]

Although Article 1 of the Third Republic's Constitutional Act of 25 February 1874 explicitly forbade the Parliament to delegate its responsibility, within five years this was ignored and had occurred several times. In 1939, in the runup to the Second World War, Parliament gave the government the power to enact decrees to protect the country. This practice became entrenched after the war, despite the fact that Article 13 of the 1946 Constitution of the newly founded Fourth Republic expressly forbade it.[lower-alpha 1] Part of the reason for this, was a lot of squabbling among numerous small political parties in Parliament, who were unable to agree on anything and were ineffective in passing legislation. This became especially problematic in the 1950s, as the crisis in Algeria began to heat up, and Parliament was unable to deal with it. Charles de Gaulle, a private citizen at the time, realized that the way out was to have a more powerful executive and a weaker Parliament; when he was finally invited to form a new government in 1958 and write a constitution, his ideas were incorporated into the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, including the legislative power sharing defined in Articles 21 and 38.[12]

In the original version of Article 37, everything that wasn't reserved to the legislative domain in articl3 was of a regulatory character (i.e., under control of the executive branch), although that clause was removed later. Since 1982, the legislative domain expanded, and since the landmark 1971 decision of the Constitutional Council, additional sources were defined as part of the Constitutional block, such as the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the 1946 Constitutional preamble, which were henceforth part of the legislative domain. and after further reforms in 1996, the legislative domain has more power than was originally thought in 1958.[13]

It enables the ratification of international treaties[14] and those associated with the European Union. It is unclear whether the wording, especially the reserves of reciprocity, is compatible with European Union law.

The Constitution also sets out methods for its own amendment: a referendum (article 11) or a Parliamentary process with Presidential consent. The normal procedure of constitutional amendment is that the amendment must be adopted in identical terms by both houses of Parliament and then must be adopted by a simple majority in a referendum or by a three-fifths supermajority of the French Congress, a joint session of both houses of Parliament (article 89).

Prior to 1971, though executive, administrative and judicial decisions had to comply with the general principles of law (jurisprudence derived from law and the practice of law in general), there were no such restrictions on legislation. It was assumed that unelected judges and other appointees should not be able to overrule laws voted for by the directly elected French parliament.

In 1971, a landmark decision by the Constitutional Council (71-44DC[15]) cited the preamble of the Constitution and its references to the principles laid in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen as a reason for rejecting a law that, according to the council, violated one of these principles.[5] Although considered a juridical coup d’état at the time, the decision formed basis of the Constitutional Council today.[5]

Since then, it is assumed that the "constitutional block" includes not only the Constitution, but also the other texts referred to in its preamble:[16]

• The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789
• The preamble of the Constitution of 1946 (which adds a number of "social rights", as well as the equality of men and women)
• The Charter for the Environment of 2004

Since then, the possibility of sending laws before the council has been extended. In practice, the political opposition sends all controversial laws before it.

In the Constitution are written the principles of the French Republic:[2]

• Social welfare, which means that everybody must be able to access free public services and be helped when needed.
• Laïcité, which means that the churches are separated from the State and the freedom from religion is protected.
• Democracy, which means that the Parliament and the Government are elected by the people.
• Indivisibility, which means that the French people are united in a single sovereign country with one language, the French language, and all people are equal.