Fundamental structure

In Schenkerian analysis, the fundamental structure (German: Ursatz) describes the structure of a tonal work as it occurs at the most remote (or "background") level and in the most abstract form. A basic elaboration of the tonic triad, it consists of the fundamental line accompanied by the bass arpeggiation. Hence the fundamental structure, like the fundamental line itself, takes one of three forms, according to which tonic triad pitch is the primary tone. The example hereby shows a fundamental structure in C major, with the fundamental line descending from scale degree scale degree 3:

The Urlinie offers the unfurling (Auswicklung) of a basic triad, it presents tonality on horizontal paths. The tonal system, too, flows into these as well, a system intended to bring purposeful order into the world of chords through its selection of the harmonic degrees. The mediator between the horizontal formulation of tonality presented by the Urlinie and the vertical formulation presented by the harmonic degrees is voice leading.[1]

The upper voice of a fundamental structure, which is the fundamental line, utilizes the descending direction; the lower voice, which is the bass arpeggiation through the fifth, takes the ascending direction (fig. 1). [...] The combination of fundamental line and bass arpeggiation constitutes a unity. [...] Neither the fundamental line nor the bass arpeggiation can stand alone. Only when acting together, when unified in a contrapuntal structure, do they produce art.[2]

The minimal Ursatz: a line scale degree 3 scale degree 2 scale degree 1 supported by an arpeggiation of the bass.
Playⓘ.

Fundamental line
Urlinie in relation to the tonic triad.

The fundamental line (German: Urlinie) is the melodic aspect of the Fundamental structure (Ursatz), "a stepwise descent from one of the triad notes to the tonic" with the bass arpeggiation being the harmonic aspect.[3] The fundamental line fills in the spaces created by the descending arpeggiation of the tonic triad. Its first tone (primary tone, head tone) may be scale degree 8, scale degree 5 or scale degree 3.

There are no tonal spaces other than those of scale degree 1—scale degree 3, scale degree 3—scale degree 5, and scale degree 5—scale degree 8. There is no other origin for passing-tone progressions, or of melody.[4]

Lines from scale degree 8 are rare; some Schenkerians consider them impossible. There appears to exist a tendency, in modern Schenkerian analyses, to prefer lines from scale degree 3.

Bass arpeggiation and the upper-fifth divider
Upper-fifth divider.[5] Playⓘ

The upper [...] fifth of a chord, presenting itself by leap in the service of a passing motion or neighbor note, I call an upper-fifth divider[6]

In the case of the Ursatz, the upper-fifth divider is in the service of scale degree 2 in the Urlinie. Together, they may form the germ of a dominant chord at a later level. See Schenkerian analysis.

Terminology

The term Ursatz is not common in German, but it was not created by Schenker. Its meaning is close to that of "axiom";[7] it is used among others by Schopenhauer.[8] The translation of Ursatz as "fundamental structure" and of Urlinie as "fundamental line" has been questioned. The translators of Das Meisterwerk in der Musik[9] and Der Tonwille[10] and those of the project Schenker Documents Online[11] have chosen to retain the German original terms in their translations.

Adele T. Katz, one of the first commentators of Schenker in the United States, may be responsible for the choice of "structure" as a translation for Satz. She defined in 1935 the Ursatz as "the elemental structure out of which the composition evolves."[12] In 1945, she opposed the "harmonic and structural chords" to the "contrapuntal and prolonging chords"[13] and she translated Urlinie as "the structural top voice".[14] These expressions were taken over by Felix Salzer, who apparently was the first to speak of "fundamental structure".[15]

While "structure" may seem acceptable as a translation of Satz in this context, by want of anything better, that of Ur- as "fundamental" is much less. As Stephen Peles puts it,

We lost something when we adopted "fundamental line" as the standard translation of Urlinie; "primal line" captures more of the resonance the word would have had for Schenker's readers, who would immediately have made the association with Ursprache, and other Ur-thises and Ur-thats that were the ultimate philological goals of their respective historical disciplines.[16]

In other disciplines, Ur- usually is translated as "primal", as in Goethe's Urpflanze, the "primal plant",[17] or in Urdenken ("primal thinking"),[18] Urbild, "primal image" (Goethe) or Urform, "primal form", "archetype" (Schelling), etc.

See also

References
  1. Schenker, Heinrich, Der Tonwille, Oxford University Press, 2004, vol. I, p. 53, translation by R. Snarrenberg.
  2. Schenker, Heinrich, Free Composition, translation by Ernst Oster, New York, Longman, 1979, pp. 10-11.
  3. Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). Studying Popular Music, p.193. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-15275-9.
  4. Schenker, Heinrich, Der Tonwille, Oxford University Press, 2004, vol. II, p. 117, translation by I. Bent. It will be noted that the tonal spaces are presented here in ascending order: this is because Schenker in 1924 had not yet conceived the fundamental line as necessarily descending.
  5. Oswald Jonas, Einführung in die Lehre Heinrich Schenkers, Wien, Universal, revised edition, 1972, p. 38, example 62. Introduction to the Theory of Heinrich Schenker, J. Rothgeb ed. and transl., 2d edition, Ann Arbor, Musicalia Press, p. 49, example 62.
  6. Schenker, Heinrich, Der Tonwille, Oxford University Press, 2004, vol. I, p. 176, translation by J. Dubiel, modified.
  7. K. E. Georges, Kleines deutsch-lateinisches Handwörterbuch, Hannover, Leipzig, 1910, col. 318.
  8. A. Schopenhauer, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (Ergänzungen zum ersten Buch), Werke in zehn Bänden, Band 3, Zürich 1977, p. 22: Andererseits hat auch der subjektive Ausgangspunkt und Ursatz "die Welt ist meine Vorstellung" sein Inadäquates, etc.
  9. Schenker, Heinrich, The Masterwork in Music, English translation, W. Drabkin ed., I. Bent et alii transl., Cambridge University Press, 3 vols., 1994-1997.
  10. Schenker, Heinrich, Der Tonwille, English translation, W. Drabkin ed., I. Bent et alii transl., Oxford University Press, 2 vols., 2004.
  11. "Schenker - Home". Archived from the original on 2014-11-07. Retrieved 2013-10-11.
  12. Katz, Adele T. (1935). "Heinrich Schenker's Method of Analysis", The Musical Quarterly 21/3, p. 314.
  13. Katz, Adele T. (1945). Challenge to Musical Tradition. A New Concept of Tonality, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, p. 15.
  14. Katz (1945), p. 18.
  15. Salzer, Felix (1952). Structural Hearing. Tonal Coherence in Music, New York, Charles Boni, p. 12.
  16. Peles, Stephen (2001). Review of Schenker's Argument and the Claims of Music Theory by Leslie D. Blasius, The Journal of Music Theory 45/1, p. 185. See also Snarrenberg, Robert (1997). "Competing Myths: The American Abandonment of Schenker’s Organicism », Theory, Analysis and Meaning in Music, A. Pople ed., Cambridge University Press, p. 29-56.
  17. Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Letter to Friedrich Constantin von Stein, 1787: Die Urpflanze wird das wunderlichste Geschöpf von der Welt über welches mich die Natur selbst beneiden soll. .
  18. Arthur Schopenhauer, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, Berlin, 2014, p. 433: Alles Urdenken geschieht in Bildern, etc.

Further reading
  • Cadwallader, Allen and Gagné, David. Analysis of Tonal Music: A Schenkerian Approach. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • Schenker, Heinrich. Free Composition. Ernst Oster, tr. and ed. New York: Longman, 1979.
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