Gödel Prize

The Gödel Prize is an annual prize for outstanding papers in the area of theoretical computer science, given jointly by the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS) and the Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computational Theory (ACM SIGACT). The award is named in honor of Kurt Gödel. Gödel's connection to theoretical computer science is that he was the first to mention the "P versus NP" question, in a 1956 letter to John von Neumann in which Gödel asked whether a certain NP-complete problem could be solved in quadratic or linear time.[1]

Not to be confused with the Gödel Lecture.

The Gödel Prize has been awarded since 1993. The prize is awarded alternately at ICALP (even years) and STOC (odd years). STOC is the ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, one of the main North American conferences in theoretical computer science, whereas ICALP is the International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming, one of the main European conferences in the field. To be eligible for the prize, a paper must be published in a refereed journal within the last 14 (formerly 7) years. The prize includes a reward of US$5000.[2]

The winner of the Prize is selected by a committee of six members. The EATCS President and the SIGACT Chair each appoint three members to the committee, to serve staggered three-year terms. The committee is chaired alternately by representatives of EATCS and SIGACT.

In contrast with the Gödel Prize, which recognizes outstanding papers, the Knuth Prize is awarded to individuals for their overall impact in the field.

Recipients
Year Name(s) Notes Publication year
1993László Babai, Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali, Shlomo Moran, and Charles Rackofffor the development of interactive proof systems1988,[paper 1] 1989[paper 2]
1994Johan Håstadfor an exponential lower bound on the size of constant-depth Boolean circuits (for the parity function).1989[paper 3]
1995Neil Immerman and Róbert Szelepcsényifor the Immerman–Szelepcsényi theorem regarding nondeterministic space complexity1988,[paper 4] 1988[paper 5]
1996Mark Jerrum and Alistair Sinclairfor work on Markov chains and the approximation of the permanent of a matrix1989,[paper 6] 1989[paper 7]
1997Joseph Halpern and Yoram Mosesfor defining a formal notion of "knowledge" in distributed environments1990[paper 8]
1998Seinosuke Todafor Toda's theorem, which showed a connection between counting solutions (PP) and alternation of quantifiers (PH)1991[paper 9]
1999Peter Shorfor Shor's algorithm for factoring numbers in polynomial time on a quantum computer1997[paper 10]
2000Moshe Y. Vardi and Pierre Wolperfor work on temporal logic with finite automata1994[paper 11]
2001Sanjeev Arora, Uriel Feige, Shafi Goldwasser, Carsten Lund, László Lovász, Rajeev Motwani, Shmuel Safra, Madhu Sudan, and Mario Szegedyfor the PCP theorem and its applications to hardness of approximation1996,[paper 12] 1998,[paper 13] 1998[paper 14]
2002Géraud Sénizerguesfor proving that equivalence of deterministic pushdown automata is decidable2001[paper 15]
2003Yoav Freund and Robert Schapirefor the AdaBoost algorithm in machine learning1997[paper 16]
2004Maurice Herlihy, Michael Saks, Nir Shavit and Fotios Zaharogloufor applications of topology to the theory of distributed computing1999,[paper 17] 2000[paper 18]
2005Noga Alon, Yossi Matias and Mario Szegedyfor their foundational contribution to streaming algorithms1999[paper 19]
2006Manindra Agrawal, Neeraj Kayal, Nitin Saxenafor the AKS primality test2004[paper 20]
2007Alexander Razborov, Steven Rudichfor natural proofs1997[paper 21]
2008Daniel Spielman, Shang-Hua Tengfor smoothed analysis of algorithms2004[paper 22]
2009Omer Reingold, Salil Vadhan, Avi Wigdersonfor zig-zag product of graphs and undirected connectivity in log space2002,[paper 23] 2008[paper 24]
2010Sanjeev Arora, Joseph S. B. Mitchellfor their concurrent discovery of a polynomial-time approximation scheme (PTAS) for the Euclidean Travelling Salesman Problem (ETSP)1998,[paper 25]

1999[paper 26]

2011Johan Håstadfor proving optimal inapproximability results for various combinatorial problems2001[paper 27]
2012Elias Koutsoupias, Christos Papadimitriou, Noam Nisan, Amir Ronen, Tim Roughgarden and Éva Tardosfor laying the foundations of algorithmic game theory[3]2009,[paper 28] 2002,[paper 29] 2001[paper 30]
2013Dan Boneh, Matthew K. Franklin, and Antoine Jouxfor multi-party Diffie–Hellman key exchange and the Boneh–Franklin scheme in cryptography[4]2003,[paper 31]

2004[paper 32]

2014Ronald Fagin, Amnon Lotem, and Moni Naorfor Optimal Aggregation Algorithms for middleware[5]2003,[paper 33]
2015Daniel Spielman, Shang-Hua Teng for their series of papers on nearly-linear-time Laplacian solvers[6]

2011[paper 34] 2013[paper 35] 2014[paper 36]

2016 Stephen Brookes and Peter W. O'Hearn for their invention of Concurrent Separation Logic 2007,[paper 37] 2007[paper 38]
2017[2] Cynthia Dwork, Frank McSherry, Kobbi Nissim, and Adam D. Smith for the invention of differential privacy 2006[paper 39]
2018[7] Oded Regev for introducing the learning with errors problem 2009[paper 40]
2019[8] Irit Dinur for her new proof of the PCP theorem by gap amplification 2007[paper 41]
2020[9] Robin Moser and Gábor Tardos for their constructive proof of the Lovász local lemma 2010[paper 42]
2021[10] Andrei Bulatov, Jin-Yi Cai, Xi Chen, Martin Dyer, and David Richerby for their work on the classification of the counting complexity of constraint satisfaction problems 2013[paper 43]

2013[paper 44] 2017[paper 45]

2022[11] Zvika Brakerski, Craig Gentry, and Vinod Vaikuntanathan For their transformative contributions to cryptography by constructing efficient fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) schemes 2014,[paper 46] 2014[paper 47]
2023[12] Samuel Fiorini, Serge Massar, and Sebastian Pokutta, Hans Raj Tiwary, Ronald de Wolf, and Thomas Rothvoss For showing that any extended formulation for the TSP polytope has exponential size 2015,[paper 48] 2017[paper 49]

Winning papers
  1. Babai, László; Moran, Shlomo (1988), "Arthur-Merlin games: a randomized proof system, and a hierarchy of complexity class" (PDF), Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 36 (2): 254–276, doi:10.1016/0022-0000(88)90028-1, ISSN 0022-0000
  2. Goldwasser, S.; Micali, S.; Rackoff, C. (1989), "The knowledge complexity of interactive proof systems" (PDF), SIAM Journal on Computing, 18 (1): 186–208, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.397.4002, doi:10.1137/0218012, ISSN 1095-7111
  3. Håstad, Johan (1989), "Almost Optimal Lower Bounds for Small Depth Circuits" (PDF), in Micali, Silvio (ed.), Randomness and Computation, Advances in Computing Research, vol. 5, JAI Press, pp. 6–20, ISBN 978-0-89232-896-3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-22
  4. Immerman, Neil (1988), "Nondeterministic space is closed under complementation" (PDF), SIAM Journal on Computing, 17 (5): 935–938, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.54.5941, doi:10.1137/0217058, ISSN 1095-7111
  5. Szelepcsényi, R. (1988), "The method of forced enumeration for nondeterministic automata" (PDF), Acta Informatica, 26 (3): 279–284, doi:10.1007/BF00299636, hdl:10338.dmlcz/120489, S2CID 10838178
  6. Sinclair, A.; Jerrum, M. (1989), "Approximate counting, uniform generation and rapidly mixing Markov chains", Information and Computation, 82 (1): 93–133, doi:10.1016/0890-5401(89)90067-9, ISSN 0890-5401
  7. Jerrum, M.; Sinclair, Alistair (1989), "Approximating the permanent", SIAM Journal on Computing, 18 (6): 1149–1178, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.431.4190, doi:10.1137/0218077, ISSN 1095-7111
  8. Halpern, Joseph; Moses, Yoram (1990), "Knowledge and common knowledge in a distributed environment" (PDF), Journal of the ACM, 37 (3): 549–587, arXiv:cs/0006009, doi:10.1145/79147.79161, S2CID 52151232
  9. Toda, Seinosuke (1991), "PP is as hard as the polynomial-time hierarchy" (PDF), SIAM Journal on Computing, 20 (5): 865–877, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.121.1246, doi:10.1137/0220053, ISSN 1095-7111
  10. Shor, Peter W. (1997), "Polynomial-Time Algorithms for Prime Factorization and Discrete Logarithms on a Quantum Computer", SIAM Journal on Computing, 26 (5): 1484–1509, arXiv:quant-ph/9508027, doi:10.1137/S0097539795293172, ISSN 1095-7111, S2CID 2337707
  11. Vardi, Moshe Y.; Wolper, Pierre (1994), "Reasoning about infinite computations" (PDF), Information and Computation, 115 (1): 1–37, doi:10.1006/inco.1994.1092, ISSN 0890-5401, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-25
  12. Feige, Uriel; Goldwasser, Shafi; Lovász, Laszlo; Safra, Shmuel; Szegedy, Mario (1996), "Interactive proofs and the hardness of approximating cliques" (PDF), Journal of the ACM, 43 (2): 268–292, doi:10.1145/226643.226652, ISSN 0004-5411
  13. Arora, Sanjeev; Safra, Shmuel (1998), "Probabilistic checking of proofs: a new characterization of NP" (PDF), Journal of the ACM, 45 (1): 70–122, doi:10.1145/273865.273901, ISSN 0004-5411, S2CID 751563, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-10
  14. Arora, Sanjeev; Lund, Carsten; Motwani, Rajeev; Sudan, Madhu; Szegedy, Mario (1998), "Proof verification and the hardness of approximation problems" (PDF), Journal of the ACM, 45 (3): 501–555, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.145.4652, doi:10.1145/278298.278306, ISSN 0004-5411, S2CID 8561542, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-10
  15. Sénizergues, Géraud (2001), "L(A) = L(B)? decidability results from complete formal systems", Theor. Comput. Sci., 251 (1): 1–166, doi:10.1016/S0304-3975(00)00285-1, ISSN 0304-3975
  16. Freund, Y.; Schapire, R.E. (1997), "A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting" (PDF), Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 55 (1): 119–139, doi:10.1006/jcss.1997.1504, ISSN 1090-2724
  17. Herlihy, Maurice; Shavit, Nir (1999), "The topological structure of asynchronous computability" (PDF), Journal of the ACM, 46 (6): 858–923, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.78.1455, doi:10.1145/331524.331529, S2CID 5797174. Gödel prize lecture
  18. Saks, Michael; Zaharoglou, Fotios (2000), "Wait-free k-set agreement is impossible: The topology of public knowledge", SIAM Journal on Computing, 29 (5): 1449–1483, doi:10.1137/S0097539796307698
  19. Alon, Noga; Matias, Yossi; Szegedy, Mario (1999), "The space complexity of approximating the frequency moments" (PDF), Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 58 (1): 137–147, doi:10.1006/jcss.1997.1545. First presented at the Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC) in 1996.
  20. Agrawal, M.; Kayal, N.; Saxena, N. (2004), "PRIMES is in P", Annals of Mathematics, 160 (2): 781–793, doi:10.4007/annals.2004.160.781, ISSN 0003-486X
  21. Razborov, Alexander A.; Rudich, Steven (1997), "Natural proofs", Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 55 (1): 24–35, doi:10.1006/jcss.1997.1494, ISSN 0022-0000, ECCC TR94-010
  22. Spielman, Daniel A.; Teng, Shang-Hua (2004), "Smoothed analysis of algorithms: Why the simplex algorithm usually takes polynomial time", J. ACM, 51 (3): 385–463, arXiv:math/0212413, doi:10.1145/990308.990310, ISSN 0004-5411
  23. Reingold, Omer; Vadhan, Salil; Wigderson, Avi (2002), "Entropy waves, the zig-zag graph product, and new constant-degree expanders", Annals of Mathematics, 155 (1): 157–187, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.236.8669, doi:10.2307/3062153, ISSN 0003-486X, JSTOR 3062153, MR 1888797, S2CID 120739405
  24. Reingold, Omer (2008), "Undirected connectivity in log-space", J. ACM, 55 (4): 1–24, doi:10.1145/1391289.1391291, ISSN 0004-5411, S2CID 207168478
  25. Arora, Sanjeev (1998), "Polynomial time approximation schemes for Euclidean traveling salesman and other geometric problems", Journal of the ACM, 45 (5): 753–782, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.23.6765, doi:10.1145/290179.290180, ISSN 0004-5411, S2CID 3023351
  26. Mitchell, Joseph S. B. (1999), "Guillotine Subdivisions Approximate Polygonal Subdivisions: A Simple Polynomial-Time Approximation Scheme for Geometric TSP, k-MST, and Related Problems", SIAM Journal on Computing, 28 (4): 1298–1309, doi:10.1137/S0097539796309764, ISSN 1095-7111
  27. Håstad, Johan (2001), "Some optimal inapproximability results" (PDF), Journal of the ACM, 48 (4): 798–859, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.638.2808, doi:10.1145/502090.502098, ISSN 0004-5411, S2CID 5120748
  28. Koutsoupias, Elias; Papadimitriou, Christos (2009). "Worst-case equilibria". Computer Science Review. 3 (2): 65–69. doi:10.1016/j.cosrev.2009.04.003.
  29. Roughgarden, Tim; Tardos, Éva (2002). "How bad is selfish routing?". Journal of the ACM. 49 (2): 236–259. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.147.1081. doi:10.1145/506147.506153. S2CID 207638789.
  30. Nisan, Noam; Ronen, Amir (2001). "Algorithmic Mechanism Design". Games and Economic Behavior. 35 (1–2): 166–196. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.21.1731. doi:10.1006/game.1999.0790.
  31. Boneh, Dan; Franklin, Matthew (2003). "Identity-based encryption from the Weil pairing". SIAM Journal on Computing. 32 (3): 586–615. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.66.1131. doi:10.1137/S0097539701398521. MR 2001745.
  32. Joux, Antoine (2004). "A one round protocol for tripartite Diffie-Hellman". Journal of Cryptology. 17 (4): 263–276. doi:10.1007/s00145-004-0312-y. MR 2090557. S2CID 3350730.
  33. Fagin, Ronald; Lotem, Amnon; Naor, Moni (2003). "Optimal aggregation algorithms for middleware". Journal of Computer and System Sciences. 66 (4): 614–656. arXiv:cs/0204046. doi:10.1016/S0022-0000(03)00026-6.
  34. Spielman, Daniel A.; Teng, Shang-Hua (2011). "Spectral Sparsification of Graphs". SIAM Journal on Computing. 40 (4): 981–1025. arXiv:0808.4134. doi:10.1137/08074489X. ISSN 0097-5397. S2CID 9646279.
  35. Spielman, Daniel A.; Teng, Shang-Hua (2013). "A Local Clustering Algorithm for Massive Graphs and Its Application to Nearly Linear Time Graph Partitioning". SIAM Journal on Computing. 42 (1): 1–26. arXiv:0809.3232. doi:10.1137/080744888. ISSN 0097-5397. S2CID 9151077.
  36. Spielman, Daniel A.; Teng, Shang-Hua (2014). "Nearly Linear Time Algorithms for Preconditioning and Solving Symmetric, Diagonally Dominant Linear Systems". SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications. 35 (3): 835–885. arXiv:cs/0607105. doi:10.1137/090771430. ISSN 0895-4798. S2CID 1750944.
  37. Brookes, Stephen (2007). "A Semantics for Concurrent Separation Logic" (PDF). Theoretical Computer Science. 375 (1–3): 227–270. doi:10.1016/j.tcs.2006.12.034.
  38. O'Hearn, Peter (2007). "Resources, Concurrency and Local Reasoning" (PDF). Theoretical Computer Science. 375 (1–3): 271–307. doi:10.1016/j.tcs.2006.12.035.
  39. Dwork, Cynthia; McSherry, Frank; Nissim, Kobbi; Smith, Adam (2006). Halevi, Shai; Rabin, Tal (eds.). Calibrating Noise to Sensitivity in Private Data Analysis. Theory of Cryptography (TCC). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3876. Springer-Verlag. pp. 265–284. doi:10.1007/11681878_14. ISBN 978-3-540-32731-8.
  40. Regev, Oded (2009). "On lattices, learning with errors, random linear codes, and cryptography". Journal of the ACM. 56 (6): 1–40. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.215.3543. doi:10.1145/1568318.1568324. S2CID 207156623.
  41. Dinur, Irit (2007). "The PCP theorem by gap amplification". Journal of the ACM. 54 (3): 12–es. doi:10.1145/1236457.1236459. S2CID 53244523.
  42. "A constructive proof of the general Lovász Local Lemma". Journal of the ACM. 57 (2). 2010. doi:10.1145/1667053. ISSN 0004-5411.
  43. Bulatov, Andrei A. (2013). "The complexity of the counting constraint satisfaction problem". Journal of the ACM. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). 60 (5): 1–41. doi:10.1145/2528400. ISSN 0004-5411. S2CID 8964233.
  44. Dyer, Martin; Richerby, David (2013). "An Effective Dichotomy for the Counting Constraint Satisfaction Problem". SIAM Journal on Computing. Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics (SIAM). 42 (3): 1245–1274. arXiv:1003.3879. doi:10.1137/100811258. ISSN 0097-5397. S2CID 1247279.
  45. Cai, Jin-Yi; Chen, Xi (2017-06-22). "Complexity of Counting CSP with Complex Weights". Journal of the ACM. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). 64 (3): 1–39. arXiv:1111.2384. doi:10.1145/2822891. ISSN 0004-5411. S2CID 1053684.
  46. Brakerski, Zvika; Vaikuntanathan, Vinod (January 2014). "Efficient Fully Homomorphic Encryption from (Standard) $\mathsf{LWE}$". SIAM Journal on Computing. 43 (2): 831–871. doi:10.1137/120868669. hdl:1721.1/115488. ISSN 0097-5397. S2CID 8831240.
  47. Brakerski, Zvika; Gentry, Craig; Vaikuntanathan, Vinod (2012). "(Leveled) fully homomorphic encryption without bootstrapping". Proceedings of the 3rd Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. pp. 309–325. doi:10.1145/2090236.2090262. ISBN 9781450311151. S2CID 2602543.
  48. Fiorini, Samuel; Massar, Serge; Pokutta, Sebastian; Tiwary, Hans Raj; de Wolf, Ronald (2015). "Exponential Lower Bounds for Polytopes in Combinatorial Optimization". Journal of the ACM. 62 (2): 17:1–17:23. doi:10.1145/2716307. S2CID 7372000.
  49. Rothvoss, Thomas (2017). "The Matching Polytope has Exponential Extension Complexity". Journal of the ACM. 64 (6): 41:1–41:19. arXiv:1311.2369. doi:10.1145/3127497. S2CID 47045361.

See also

Notes
  1. "The Gödel Letter". 2009-02-12.
  2. "2017 Gödel Prize". European Association for Theoretical Computer Science. EATCS. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  3. "Three Papers Cited for Laying Foundation of Growth in Algorithmic Game Theory". 16 May 2012. Archived from the original on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
  4. ACM Group Presents Gödel Prize for Advances in Cryptography: Three Computer Scientists Cited for Innovations that Improve Security Archived 2013-06-01 at the Wayback Machine, Association for Computing Machinery, May 29, 2013.
  5. Recipients Achieved Groundbreaking Results for Aggregating Data from Multiple Sources, Association for Computing Machinery, April 30, 2014.
  6. 2015 Gödel Prize announcement Archived 2017-12-09 at the Wayback Machine by Association for Computing Machinery.
  7. "2018 Gödel Prize citation".
  8. "2019 Gödel Prize citation".
  9. "2020 Gödel Prize citation".
  10. "2021 Gödel Prize citation".
  11. "2022 Gödel Prize citation".
  12. "2023 Gödel Prize citation".

References
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