GNU Bison

/*
 * Expression.h
 * Definition of the structure used to build the syntax tree.
 */
#ifndef __EXPRESSION_H__
#define __EXPRESSION_H__

/**
 * @brief The operation type
 */
typedef enum tagEOperationType
{
    eVALUE,
    eMULTIPLY,
    eADD
} EOperationType;

/**
 * @brief The expression structure
 */
typedef struct tagSExpression
{
    EOperationType type; /* /< type of operation */

    int value; /* /< valid only when type is eVALUE */
    struct tagSExpression *left; /* /<  left side of the tree */
    struct tagSExpression *right; /* /< right side of the tree */
} SExpression;

/**
 * @brief It creates an identifier
 * @param value The number value
 * @return The expression or NULL in case of no memory
 */
SExpression *createNumber(int value);

/**
 * @brief It creates an operation
 * @param type The operation type
 * @param left The left operand
 * @param right The right operand
 * @return The expression or NULL in case of no memory
 */
SExpression *createOperation(EOperationType type, SExpression *left, SExpression *right);

/**
 * @brief Deletes a expression
 * @param b The expression
 */
void deleteExpression(SExpression *b);

#endif /* __EXPRESSION_H__ */

/*
 * Expression.c
 * Implementation of functions used to build the syntax tree.
 */

#include "Expression.h"

#include <stdlib.h>

/**
 * @brief Allocates space for expression
 * @return The expression or NULL if not enough memory
 */
static SExpression *allocateExpression()
{
    SExpression *b = (SExpression *)malloc(sizeof(SExpression));

    if (b == NULL)
        return NULL;

    b->type = eVALUE;
    b->value = 0;

    b->left = NULL;
    b->right = NULL;

    return b;
}

SExpression *createNumber(int value)
{
    SExpression *b = allocateExpression();

    if (b == NULL)
        return NULL;

    b->type = eVALUE;
    b->value = value;

    return b;
}

SExpression *createOperation(EOperationType type, SExpression *left, SExpression *right)
{
    SExpression *b = allocateExpression();

    if (b == NULL)
        return NULL;

    b->type = type;
    b->left = left;
    b->right = right;

    return b;
}

void deleteExpression(SExpression *b)
{
    if (b == NULL)
        return;

    deleteExpression(b->left);
    deleteExpression(b->right);

    free(b);
}

%{

/*
 * Lexer.l file
 * To generate the lexical analyzer run: "flex Lexer.l"
 */

#include "Expression.h"
#include "Parser.h"

#include <stdio.h>

%}

%option outfile="Lexer.c" header-file="Lexer.h"
%option warn nodefault

%option reentrant noyywrap never-interactive nounistd
%option bison-bridge

%%

[ \r\n\t]*   { continue; /* Skip blanks. */ }
[0-9]+       { sscanf(yytext, "%d", &yylval->value); return TOKEN_NUMBER; }

"*"          { return TOKEN_STAR; }
"+"          { return TOKEN_PLUS; }
"("          { return TOKEN_LPAREN; }
")"          { return TOKEN_RPAREN; }

.            { continue; /* Ignore unexpected characters. */}

%%

int yyerror(SExpression **expression, yyscan_t scanner, const char *msg) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", msg);
    return 0;
}

%{

/*
 * Parser.y file
 * To generate the parser run: "bison Parser.y"
 */

#include "Expression.h"
#include "Parser.h"
#include "Lexer.h"

// reference the implementation provided in Lexer.l
int yyerror(SExpression **expression, yyscan_t scanner, const char *msg);

%}

%code requires {
  typedef void* yyscan_t;
}

%output  "Parser.c"
%defines "Parser.h"

%define api.pure
%lex-param   { yyscan_t scanner }
%parse-param { SExpression **expression }
%parse-param { yyscan_t scanner }

%union {
    int value;
    SExpression *expression;
}

%token TOKEN_LPAREN   "("
%token TOKEN_RPAREN   ")"
%token TOKEN_PLUS     "+"
%token TOKEN_STAR     "*"
%token <value> TOKEN_NUMBER "number"

%type <expression> expr

/* Precedence (increasing) and associativity:
   a+b+c is (a+b)+c: left associativity
   a+b*c is a+(b*c): the precedence of "*" is higher than that of "+". */
%left "+"
%left "*"

%%

input
    : expr { *expression = $1; }
    ;

expr
    : expr[L] "+" expr[R] { $$ = createOperation( eADD, $L, $R ); }
    | expr[L] "*" expr[R] { $$ = createOperation( eMULTIPLY, $L, $R ); }
    | "(" expr[E] ")"     { $$ = $E; }
    | "number"            { $$ = createNumber($1); }
    ;

%%

/*
 * main.c file
 */

#include "Expression.h"
#include "Parser.h"
#include "Lexer.h"

#include <stdio.h>

int yyparse(SExpression **expression, yyscan_t scanner);

SExpression *getAST(const char *expr)
{
    SExpression *expression;
    yyscan_t scanner;
    YY_BUFFER_STATE state;

    if (yylex_init(&scanner)) {
        /* could not initialize */
        return NULL;
    }

    state = yy_scan_string(expr, scanner);

    if (yyparse(&expression, scanner)) {
        /* error parsing */
        return NULL;
    }

    yy_delete_buffer(state, scanner);

    yylex_destroy(scanner);

    return expression;
}

int evaluate(SExpression *e)
{
    switch (e->type) {
        case eVALUE:
            return e->value;
        case eMULTIPLY:
            return evaluate(e->left) * evaluate(e->right);
        case eADD:
            return evaluate(e->left) + evaluate(e->right);
        default:
            /* should not be here */
            return 0;
    }
}

int main(void)
{
    char test[] = " 4 + 2*10 + 3*( 5 + 1 )";
    SExpression *e = getAST(test);
    int result = evaluate(e);
    printf("Result of '%s' is %d\n", test, result);
    deleteExpression(e);
    return 0;
}