Gammarus desperatus

Noel's amphipods are omnivorous and feed on algae, underwater vegetation and decaying matter. They often are seen feeding on biofilms that form on submerged aquatic vegetation; these biofilms consist of algae, diatoms, bacteria, and fungi. Microbial foods associated with periphyton or aquatic plants, such as algae and bacteria, are essential for juvenile amphipods.[7]

Noel's amphipods exhibit a period of mate-guarding in which the male is territorial over the female and protects his mate from other males that compete for the ability to fertilize the female's eggs.[6] This species is mostly nocturnal due to its sensitivity to light, and is mostly active only during the nighttime.[3]

The amphipods require clean, shallow, cool, and permanently flowing well-oxygenated waters of streams, ponds, ditches, sloughs, and springs.[6][3] In addition to this, this species is very sensitive to pH changes in the water, and also requires high levels of calcium for survival.[6] These amphipods are often found underneath stones and amongst submerged aquatic vegetation. They are extremely sensitive to water contamination and do not tolerate habitat desiccation, standing water or sedimentation.[3] In summary, this species is very sensitive to habitat degradation.

Noel's amphipod was formerly found at three sites in New Mexico, but it has since been eradicated from two of these sites.[1] Noel's amphipod only survives within Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge at the Sago Spring Wetland Complex, Bitter Creek, and along the western boundary of Unit 6.[6]

In the past, amphipod populations have been able to reach extremely high densities, occasionally exceeding 10,000 per square meter. In 1954, Noel's amphipod was described as the largest population of macro-invertebrates at Lander Springbrook, with densities ranging from 2,338 to 10,416 per square meter. In 1995 and 1996, on Bitter Lake National Wildlife refuge the Noel's amphipod population density ranged from 64 per square meter to 8,768 per square meter at Bitter Creek and 20 per square meter to 575 per square meter at Sago Spring Wetland Complex. In 1999, the population density of the Noel's amphipod at Unit 6 on Bitter Lake National Wildlife refuge was 344 per square meter.[6]

One key threat to the Noel's amphipod is diminished water quantity in the area due to groundwater pumping and drought. Water contamination also affects these amphipods. Secondary threats to these organisms include inadequate existing regulatory mechanisms, localized range, limited mobility, fragmented habitat, and climate change.[6]

Noel's amphipod was originally found in three springs near the Roswell Basin in New Mexico, but both populations outside of Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge vanished before 1988 due to groundwater depletion and spring channelization. A 2002 fire destroyed their population within the refuge by removing the vegetative cover that protected them from sunlight and depositing ash and debris into their freshwater habitat.[6] It is currently assumed that they are now only found within the Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge.[8]

The Noel's Amphipod was listed on the Endangered Species Act on August 9, 2005, because of its small population that appears to only exist in the Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge in New Mexico.[8]

In 2020, a five-year review was conducted on four endangered species in the Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge, including the Noel's Amphipod. In 2010, the initial 5-year review of these species was completed and Critical Habitat designation was finalized in June 2011. Critical habitat designation was achieved in June 2011. In the critical habitat designation, 70.2 acres were given to the Noel's Amphipod. The Final Recovery Plan for these four invertebrate species was finalized in October 2019 and makes references to the five-year review.[9] In this five-year review, there are four goals listed. The first goal is to maintain the long term survival of each species, the second is to protect water quantity, the third is to protect water quality, and finally, and the fourth goal is to protect and restore their habitat. There was no change in biological information, threats, or listing from the previous 5-year review since little research has been done on the actual crustacean. However, the 5-year plan emphasizes the importance of following the recovery plan that was established in 2019.[8]