Gauss–Manin connection

Consider a smooth morphism of schemes ${\displaystyle X\to B}$ over characteristic 0. If we consider these spaces as complex analytic spaces, then the Ehresmann fibration theorem tells us that each fiber ${\displaystyle X_{b}=f^{-1}(b)}$ is a smooth manifold and each fiber is diffeomorphic. This tells us that the de-Rham cohomology groups ${\displaystyle H^{k}(X_{b})}$ are all isomorphic. We can use this observation to ask what happens when we try to differentiate cohomology classes using vector fields from the base space ${\displaystyle B}$.

Consider a cohomology class ${\displaystyle \alpha \in H^{k}(X)}$ such that ${\displaystyle i_{b}^{*}(\alpha )\in H^{k}(X_{b})}$ where ${\displaystyle i_{b}\colon X_{b}\to X}$ is the inclusion map. Then, if we consider the classes

${\displaystyle \left[i_{b}^{\ast }\left({\frac {\partial ^{i_{1}+\cdots +i_{n}}\alpha }{\partial b_{1}^{i_{1}}\cdots \partial b_{n}^{i_{n}}}}\right)\right]\in H^{k}(X_{b})}$

eventually there will be a relation between them, called the Picard–Fuchs equation. The Gauss–Manin connection is a tool which encodes this information into a connection on the flat vector bundle on ${\displaystyle B}$ constructed from the ${\displaystyle H^{k}(X_{b})}$.[1]

A commonly cited example is the Dwork construction of the Picard–Fuchs equation. Let

${\displaystyle V_{\lambda }(x,y,z)}$ be the elliptic curve ${\displaystyle x^{3}+y^{3}+z^{3}-\lambda xyz=0\;}$.

Here, ${\displaystyle \lambda }$ is a free parameter describing the curve; it is an element of the complex projective line (the family of hypersurfaces in ${\displaystyle n-1}$ dimensions of degree n, defined analogously, has been intensively studied in recent years, in connection with the modularity theorem and its extensions).[2] Thus, the base space of the bundle is taken to be the projective line. For a fixed ${\displaystyle \lambda }$ in the base space, consider an element ${\displaystyle \omega _{\lambda }}$ of the associated de Rham cohomology group

${\displaystyle \omega _{\lambda }\in H_{dR}^{1}(V_{\lambda }).}$

Each such element corresponds to a period of the elliptic curve. The cohomology is two-dimensional. The Gauss–Manin connection corresponds to the second-order differential equation

${\displaystyle (\lambda ^{3}-27){\frac {\partial ^{2}\omega _{\lambda }}{\partial \lambda ^{2}}}+3\lambda ^{2}{\frac {\partial \omega _{\lambda }}{\partial \lambda }}+\lambda \omega _{\lambda }=0.}$

In the more abstract setting of D-module theory, the existence of such equations is subsumed in a general discussion of the direct image.

The whole class of Gauss–Manin connections has been used to try to formulate the concept of differential equations that "arise from geometry". In connection with the Grothendieck p-curvature conjecture, Nicholas Katz proved that the class of Gauss–Manin connections with algebraic number coefficients satisfies the conjecture. This result is directly connected with the Siegel G-function concept of transcendental number theory, for meromorphic function solutions. The Bombieri–Dwork conjecture, also attributed to Yves André, which is given in more than one version, postulates a converse direction: solutions as G-functions, or p-curvature nilpotent mod p for almost all primes p, means an equation "arises from geometry".[3][4]

• Mirror symmetry conjecture
• Mixed Hodge module
• Meromorphic connection

• Kulikov, Valentine (1998), Mixed Hodge Structures and Singularities, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, pp. 1–59 (Gives and excellent introduction to Gauss–Manin connections)
• Dimca, Alexandru, Sheaves in Topology, pp. 55–57, 206–207 (Gives example of Gauss–Manin connections and their relation to D-module theory and the Riemmann-Hilbert correspondence)
• Griffiths, Phillip, Periods of integrals on algebraic manifolds: Summary of main results and discussion of open problems (Gives a quick sketch of main structure theorem of Gauss–Manin connections)
• Barrientos, Ivan, The Gauss-Manin connection and regular singular points. (PDF)
• Grothendieck, Alexander (1966), "On the de Rham cohomology of algebraic varieties", Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS, letter to Atiyah, Oct. 14 1963, 29 (29): 95–103, doi:10.1007/BF02684807, ISSN 0073-8301, MR 0199194, S2CID 123434721
• "Gauss-Manin connection", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]
• Manin, Ju. I. (1958), "Algebraic curves over fields with differentiation", Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Seriya Matematicheskaya (in Russian), 22: 737–756, MR 0103889 English translation in Manin, Ju. I. (1964) [1958], "Algebraic curves over fields with differentiation", American Mathematical Society translations: 22 papers on algebra, number theory and differential geometry, vol. 37, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, pp. 59–78, ISBN 978-0-8218-1737-7, MR 0103889