Gavia howardae

Gavia howardae; Temporal range:
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Class:	Aves
Order:	Gaviiformes
Family:	Gaviidae
Genus:	Gavia
Species:	†G. howardae
Binomial name
	†Gavia howardae; Brodkorb, 1953

Gavia howardae is an extinct species of loon from the Piacenzian age from United States. Fossils of this bird were initially found in 1947 by Clifford Kennell in the San Diego Formation, California and were given a name in 1953 by Pierce Brodkorb. These first specimens consisted of humeri bones, which Brodkorb indicated based on the distal end of the humerus were a smaller species of the genus Gavia, with a possible relationship with the pacific loon (G. arctica).[1] More specimens were collected from the same deposits covering the entirety of the wing, some more complete than others. Chandler (1990) described and published these new materials and found G. howardae to be related to the red-throated loon (G. stellata) instead.[2] Additional material has been recovered from the Yorktown Formation, North Carolina where in addition more wing bones, there were also remains of the leg and shoulder regions. Based on the overall size of the remains, G. howardae was on average smaller than the red-throated loon, and one of the smallest species of Neogene loons from North America.[3]

References

Brodkorb, P. (1953). "A review of the Pliocene loons". The Condor. 54 (4): 211–214.
Chandler, R. M. (1990). "Part II: fossil Birds of the San Diego Formation, Late Pliocene, Blancan, San Diego County, California". Ornithological Monographs. 44: 73–161.
Olson, S. L.; Rasmussen, P. C. (2001). "Miocene and Pliocene birds from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina". Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 90: 233–365.

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[Brodkorb1953-1] Brodkorb, P. (1953). "A review of the Pliocene loons". The Condor. 54 (4): 211–214.

[Chandler1990-2] Chandler, R. M. (1990). "Part II: fossil Birds of the San Diego Formation, Late Pliocene, Blancan, San Diego County, California". Ornithological Monographs. 44: 73–161.

[Olson&Rasmussen2001-3] Olson, S. L.; Rasmussen, P. C. (2001). "Miocene and Pliocene birds from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina". Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 90: 233–365.