General People's Congress (Yemen)
The General People's Congress (GPC; Arabic: المؤتمر الشعبي العام) is a political party in Yemen. It has been the de jure ruling party of Yemen since 1993, three years after unification. The party is dominated by a nationalist line, and its official ideology is Arab nationalism, seeking Arab unity. In the course of the Yemeni Civil War, the party's founder and leader Ali Abdullah Saleh was killed, while the GPC fractured into three factions backing different sides in the conflict.[6]
General People's Congress المؤتمر الشعبي العام | |
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| Chairperson (disputed) | Vacant (pro-Hadi/Alimi faction)[1][2] Sadeq Amin Abu Rass (pro-Houthi faction)[3][1] Ahmed Saleh (pro-Ahmed Saleh faction)[1] |
| Spokesperson | Abdo al-Janadi |
| Founder | Ali Abdullah Saleh |
| Founded | 24 August 1982 |
| Headquarters | Sanaa |
| Newspaper | Al-Motamar |
| Ideology | Yemeni nationalism Arab nationalism Pan-Arabism Big tent[4] |
| Political position | Centre[5] |
| House of Representatives | 168 / 301 |
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 Yemen portal |
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History
The party was established on 24 August 1982 in Sana'a, North Yemen, by President Ali Abdullah Saleh,[6][7] becoming an umbrella organisation that sought to represent all political interests.[8] Following Yemeni unification in 1990, and with Saleh continuing as president of the united country, it emerged as the largest party in the 1993 parliamentary elections, winning 123 of the 301 seats.[7] It went on to win a majority (187) of seats in the 1997 elections amidst a boycott by the Yemeni Socialist Party.
Saleh was re-elected as president in the first direct presidential elections in 1999, and the party won a landslide victory in the 2003 parliamentary elections, winning 226 of the 301 seats. Following the elections, several independent MPs also joined the party. Saleh was re-elected again in 2006. After he was forced to stand down as a result of the Yemeni Revolution, the party's Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi was elected as his successor. Saleh attempted to regain power over the country and the GPC in the following civil war. Rallying a large part of the GPC in 2015, he sided with the Houthis and effectively split the party into a pro-Hadi and Saleh faction.[6]
The two factions were at war with each other until Saleh attempted to overthrow the Houthis. This power grab failed, however, and the former president as well as party secretary general Aref al-Zouka were killed in the Battle of Sana'a of late 2017. Following Ali Abdullah Saleh's death, the GPC fractured further, with a large part of the former Saleh followers pledging allegiance to the Houthis. This pro-Houthi part of the GPC continued to support the rebel government in Sana'a, and elected Sadeq Ameen Abu Rass as the new GPC chairman. One member of the pro-Houthi faction explained that "Ali Abdullah Saleh was killed by the Houthis. If we follow his direction and resist the Houthis, we will meet the same end as Saleh. So we prefer to support the strongest force on the ground."[6]
Another group of Saleh loyalists fled from the Houthis. Though this GPC faction then allied itself with Hadi and the Saudi Arabia-led international coalition, it still remained completely separate and chose Ali Abdullah Saleh's son Ahmed Saleh as new de facto leader. Meanwhile, the former president's nephew Tareq Saleh began to organize a new private army for this GPC faction.[6]
Electoral history
Presidential elections
| Election | Party candidate | Votes | % | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | Ali Abdullah Saleh | 3,584,399 | 96.2% | Elected  |
| 2006 | 4,149,673 | 77.2% | Elected | |
| 2012 | Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi | 6,621,921 | 100.0% | Elected |
House of Representatives elections
| Election | Party leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Position | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 | Ali Abdullah Saleh | 640,523 | 28.7% | 123 / 301 |
 123 |
1st |
Minority government |
| 1997 | 1,175,343 | 43.1% | 187 / 301 |
64 |
 1st |
Majority government | |
| 2003 | 3,429,888 | 58.0% | 226 / 301 |
39 |
1st |
Supermajority government |
See also
References
- Tawfeek al-Ganad (20 September 2022). "Weak and Divided, the General People's Congress Turns 40". Sana'a Center For Strategic Studies. Sanaa. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
- "The General People's Congress in Ma'rib Governorate salutes its leadership, members and supporters on the 40th anniversary of its founding". Al-Methaq News (in Arabic). General People's Congress. 25 August 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
- "Yemeni party names new leader after Saleh killed". Reuters. 7 January 2018.
- Burrowes, Robert D. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 134.
- Burrowes, p111
- "Death of a leader: Where next for Yemen's GPC after murder of Saleh?". Middle East Eye. 23 January 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
- Al Yemeni, Ahmed A. Hezam (2003). The Dynamic of Democratisation – Political Parties in Yemen (PDF). Toennes Satz + Druck GmbH. ISBN 3-89892-159-X.
- Frank Tachau (1994) Political parties of the Middle East and North Africa, Greenwood Press, p633