George Hamilton, Comte d'Hamilton

Sir George Hamilton, Comte d'Hamilton (died 1676) was an Irish soldier in English and French service as well as a courtier at Charles II's Whitehall.

Sir George Hamilton
Called "Comte d'Hamilton"
Detail from a painted portrait showing the face of a clean-shaven middle-aged grey-eyed man with long curly black hair or such a wig, wearing a lace jabot
Detail from the portrait below
Died1 June 1676
Col de Saverne, France
Spouse(s)Frances Jennings
Issue
Detail		Elizabeth, Frances, & Mary
FatherGeorge Hamilton
MotherMary Butler

At Whitehall he was a favourite of the King. He courted La belle Stuart and married Frances Jennings, the future Lady Tyrconnell, who was then a maid of honour of the Duchess of York. He appears in the Mémoires du comte de Grammont, written by his brother Anthony.

He began his military career as an officer in the Life Guards but was dismissed in an anti-Catholic purge in 1667, upon which he took French service and commanded English gens d'armes and then an Irish regiment in the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678). He served under Turenne at the battles of Sinsheim and Entzheim in 1674. He also fought at Sasbach (1675), where Turenne was killed. He then covered the retreat at Altenheim. He was killed in 1676 in a rearguard action at the Col de Saverne while serving under Marshal Luxembourg. His final rank was Maréchal de camp (major-general). He was known as "comte", but whether he was really ennobled by Louis XIV is not sure.

Family tree
George Hamilton with wife, parents, daughters ("the 3 viscountesses"), and other selected relatives.[lower-alpha 1]
Claud
1st Ld
Paisley
1546–1621		Margaret
Seton
d. 1616
James
1st Earl
Abercorn
1575–1618		Marion
Boyd
d. 1632
Recusant		George
of Greenlaw
& Roscrea
d. bef. 1657		Thomas
Butler
Viscount
Thurles
d. 1619
James
2nd Earl
d. c. 1670		George
1st Bt.
Donalong
c. 1607 – 1679		Mary
Butler
d. 1680		James
1st Duke
Ormond
1610–1688
James
c. 1630 – 1673
Courtier		Elizabeth
1641–1708
Beauty		George
d. 1676		Frances
Jennings
c. 1647 – 1730		Anthony
c. 1645 – 1719
Writer
Richard
1st Viscount
Rosse
1657–1703		Elizabeth
1667–1724		Henry
8th Viscount
Dillon
d. 1713		Frances
d. 1751		Nicholas
3rd Viscount
Barnewall
1668–1725		Mary
1676–1736
Richard
1st Earl
d. 1741		Richard
9th Viscount
d. 1737		Henry
4th Viscount
1708–1774
Legend
XXXSubject of
the article		XXXDukes of
Ormond		XXXEarls of
Abercorn
XXXViscounts &
earls of Rosse		XXXViscounts
Dillon		XXXViscounts
Barnewall

Birth and origins

George was probably born in the late 1630s or early 1640s[lower-alpha 2] in Ireland. He was the second son of George Hamilton and his wife Mary Butler.[2] His father was Scottish, the fourth son of James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Abercorn, and would in 1660 be created Baronet of Donalong and Nenagh. The Dunnalong (or Donalong) estate, south of Derry, was his father's share of the land granted to his grandfather Abercorn during the Plantation of Ulster.[3]

George's mother was Irish, the third daughter of Thomas Butler, Viscount Thurles and a sister of the future 1st Duke of Ormond (see Family Tree).[4] She was a member of the Butlers, an Old English family that descended from Theobald Walter, who had been appointed Chief Butler of Ireland by King Henry II in 1177.[5]

His parents have often been confused with another George Hamilton, married with another Mary Butler. These are his father's uncle Sir George Hamilton of Greenlaw and Roscrea and his wife Mary, sixth daughter of Walter Butler, 11th Earl of Ormond. This other George Hamilton lived in Roscrea.[6]

George was one of nine siblings.[7] See James, Elizabeth, Anthony, Richard, and John.[lower-alpha 3]

Both his parents were Catholic, but some relatives, on his father's as on his mother's side, were Protestants. His grandfather, James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Abercorn, had been a Protestant,[8] but his father and all his paternal uncles were raised as Catholics due to the influence of his paternal grandmother, Marion Boyd, a recusant.[9] Some branches of the Hamilton family were Protestant, such as that of his father's second cousin Gustavus (1642–1723). His mother's family, the Butlers, were generally Catholic with the notable exception of the future 1st Duke of Ormond, his maternal uncle. His eldest brother, James, would turn Protestant when marrying Elizabeth Colepeper in 1661.[10] His brother Thomas also conformed to the established religion as he became a captain in the Royal Navy.[11]

Early life

Irish wars

Hamilton's father, Sir George Hamilton, Baronet, served Ormond, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, in the Irish Confederate Wars (1641–1648) and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–1653) until he followed Ormond into exile in 1651.[12]

During that time young Hamilton stayed with his mother and siblings at Nenagh Castle, deep in confederate territory. The family was Catholic and well accepted despite his father's alliance to Ormond. Similarly, Ormond's wife and children lived in Kilkenny Castle through most of the Confederate wars. In both cases they were probably under the protection of Richard Butler, 3rd Viscount Mountgarret, the president of the Confederation. Mountgarret was his mother's grand-uncle through his sister Helen.

In June 1646 Owen Roe O'Neill at the head of the Confederate Ulster army defeated the Scottish Covenanters at Benburb. He then swept south as directed by Rinuccini to attack the royalists.[13] He passed by Roscrea and took Roscrea Castle on 17 September 1646. He put everybody to the sword but spared Lady Hamilton and her family. It has been interpreted that this was Lady Mary Hamilton, wife of Sir George Hamilton, Baronet, Hamilton's mother,[14][15] but it is likely that she was Mary Hamilton, wife of Sir George Hamilton of Greenlaw and Roscrea and that Lady Hamilton-Donalong was at that time with her children safely at Nenagh, further to the southwest out of O'Neills way.

In 1648 Phelim O'Neill attacked and took Nenagh Castle, but it was retaken that same year by Inchiquin.[16] In October 1650 his father was governor of Nenagh, 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of Roscrea, for the Royalist Alliance when the Parliamentarian army under Henry Ireton and Daniel Abbot attacked and captured the castle on the way back from their failed siege of Limerick to their winter quarters at Kilkenny.[17]

First exile

In spring 1651, Sir George Hamilton, Baronet, and his family followed Ormond into French exile.[18] They first went to Caen,[12] where they were accommodated for some time by the Marchioness of Ormond. They then moved on to Paris near where Charles II and his mother Henrietta Maria lived in exile at the Chateau-Neuf de Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[19] Young Hamilton, aged about 10, became a page to the King.[20][21] His father was employed in various missions for Ormond and the King, whereas his mother found shelter in the Convent of the Feuillantines in Paris, together with her sister Ellen, Lady Muskerry.[22] France was at that time fighting the long Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659). In 1654 France gained Cromwell as an ally against Spain resulting in the Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660), and in consequence the Charles II had to leave France. He moved his court first to Cologne, then in March 1656 to Brussels[23] where on 2 April 1656, Ormond and Rochester signed in Charles's name the Treaty of Brussels with Spain.[24] On 22 April Charles moved to Bruges.[25] On 14 June 1658 Charles' brother James led the royalists in the Battle of the Dunes and was defeated by Turenne. The King then moved to Antwerp. On 3 September 1658 Cromwell died. On 7 February 1658 the King was allowed back to Brussels.[26]

A black-and-white photo of a painted half-length portrait in an oval format of a clean-shaven middle-aged grey-eyed man with long curly dark hair or such a wig, wearing a jabot, and clad in plate armour covering his breast and arms
Sir George Hamilton by an unknown artist about 1670, National Portrait Gallery (NPG1468)[lower-alpha 4][28]

Restoration

At the Restoration, Hamilton was accepted into the Life Guards that Charles II and the Duke of York established early in 1660 in preparation of their return to London.[29] Hamilton served in the King's troop,[30] which was commanded by Charles Gerard as captain and colonel.[31] Hamilton was an officer rather than a private.[32]

After the King's return to London in May 1660,[33] Hamilton attended the court at Whitehall in addition to his military duties. He, like his brothers James and Anthony, and his sister Elizabeth, were part of to the inner circle around the King. Samuel Pepys reports that Hamilton was present at the Queen's Birthday dance on 15 October 1666 at Whitehall.[34]

At court Hamilton met Elizabeth Wetenhall and fell in love with her, but she was married.[35] He then courted Frances Stewart, called "La Belle Stuart" or the "fair Stuart", a maid of honour of the Queen,[36] Catherine of Braganza. Gramont warned Hamilton about courting the fair Stuart as the King had set his eyes on her.[37] Eventually, he met and courted Frances Jennings, a maid of honour of Anne Hyde, the Duchess of York.[38] Macaulay describes her as "beautiful Fanny Jennings, the loveliest coquette in the brilliant Whitehall of the Restoration."[39]

Marriage and children

In 1665 Hamilton married Frances Jennings.[40][41] The King approved of this marriage and granted the couple a pension of £500 per year (about £100,000 in 2021[42]).[43] His marriage is the sixth of the seven marriages with which end the Memoirs of Count Grammont.[44]

half-length miniature portrait in an oval format set in a rectangle filled with decorations of a young woman with fair hair and some curls wearing a blue low-cut dress
His wife, Frances Jennings[lower-alpha 5]

George and Frances had six children,[45] but only four (all daughters) are known by name:

  1. Elizabeth (1667–1724), married in 1685 Richard Parsons, 1st Viscount Rosse as his 3rd wife, and was mother of Richard Parsons, 1st Earl of Rosse[46][47]
  2. Frances (died 1751), married Henry Dillon, 8th Viscount Dillon in 1687[48][49][50]
  3. Mary (died 1736), married Nicholas Barnewall, 3rd Viscount Barnewall in 1688[51][52]
  4. Henrietta seems to have been younger than the three listed above. Not much more is known about her.[53]

Elizabeth, the eldest, was born in England in 1667 and baptised on 21 March at St Margaret's, Westminster, in an Anglican ceremony.[54] The others were born in France and were brought up as Catholics. The eldest married a Protestant; the younger two married Catholics. All three married Irish viscounts and were therefore known as the "three viscountesses".[45]

Lord Beaulieu, who owned the portrait of George Hamilton used in this article, was one of Elizabeth's grandsons. Her descendance through her two sons went extinct in 1764. However, her second daughter, called Catharine, married in 1705 James Hussey[55] and was by him mother of Edward Hussey-Montagu, 1st Earl Beaulieu.[56]

Later life

Second Anglo-Dutch War

On 4 March 1665 the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–1667) broke out. It seems that Hamilton volunteered in the Royal Navy and participated on 3 June 1665 O.S. in the naval battle of Lowestoft, an English victory.[57]

Second exile

On 28 September 1667, in an increasingly anti-Catholic political climate, the King felt obliged to dismiss from his Life Guards the Catholics who refused to take the Oath of Supremacy, and among them, Hamilton.[58] The king arranged with Louis XIV that Hamilton would be made the captain-lieutenant of a company of gens d'armes under Louis's direct command as captain.[59] On 1 February 1668 Hamilton left England for France passing by Dover and Ostend.[60] He seems to have been knighted by the King before his departure as he is called Sir for the first time on his passport dated 14 January 1668.[61][62] Hamilton's gens d'armes were part of Louis's body guard.[63]

Portrait shows an old man with long grey hair, moustache and a mouche on the lower lip. He wears armour on his breast and arms.
Marshal Turenne

His wife followed him to France and converted to the Catholic religion.[64] She stayed in Paris.[65] Hamilton with his gens d'armes probably participated in the first conquest of the Franche-Comté during the War of Devolution 1667/1668.[66] The campaign ended on 19 February 1686 with the capitulation of Gray in presence of Louis XIV.[67][lower-alpha 6] Soon France was in peace talks with Spain that would lead to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in May 1668.[69] In 1668 Hamilton acquired French nationality.[70]

In 1671 Hamilton raised a infantry regiment of 1,500 men in Ireland.[71][72] Some of the officers engaged in this régiment d'Hamilton would earn fame: Patrick Sarsfield, Justin McCarty, George's younger brothers Anthony and Richard, his cousin Gustavus Hamilton,[73] and Thomas Dongan, who was appointed lieutenant-colonel.[74]

In April 1672 France and England declared war on the Dutch Republic; the former starting the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), the latter the Third Anglo-Dutch War. Hamilton would pass the rest of his life fighting for France in that war, eventually being killed in action. The first three years he served under Henri, Viscount of Turenne. In the first year of the war, which the Dutch call the rampjaar (disaster-year), Hamilton's regiment was first employed to garrison Liège[75] but joined Louis's main army after the crossing of the Rhine in June.[76] The regiment participated in the siege of Utrecht, which fell on the 20th.[77] After the Dutch had flooded the land to the north, most of the French troops retreated, but Hamilton's regiment stayed behind with the small army of occupation under Marshal Luxembourg, being stationed at Zutphen in Gelderland to the east of Utrecht.[78][79] In the summer 1673 he joined Turenne's army.[80]

In February 1674 England and the Netherlands concluded the Treaty of Westminster (1674), which ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War, but the Franco-Dutch war continued. This peace did therefore not affect Hamilton, who served under French command. However, from there on to the Treaties of Nijmegen, which ended the Franco-Dutch war, the English Parliament pushed for measures to forbid the King's subjects to fight in French service. On 8 May 1675 the Parliament forced Charles to make a proclamation demanding the immediate return of all his subjects that had gone into French service since the date of the Treaty of Westminster and forbidding all his subjects to enter that service. This made recruiting for Hamilton's regiment difficult.[81][82]

Half-length portrait of a clean-shaven man wearing a high wig and armour.
Marshal Luxembourg

On 16 June 1674 Turenne fought the battle of Sinsheim, south of Heidelberg, against the Imperials under Aeneas de Caprara.[83] Hamilton commanded three battalions at that occasion, the two of his own regiment and one from the Monmouth regiment.[84][85] In July Hamilton's regiment participated in the first ravaging of the Palatinate.[86]

On 4 October he fought the Imperial forces under the Duke von Bournonville at Entzheim[85] in Alsace south of Strasbourg, where Hamilton's Regiment attacked on the right wing. Hamilton and his brother Anthony were wounded.[87][88]

In March 1675 Hamilton visited England with his younger brothers Anthony and Richard. Hamilton returned to France from England, whereas Anthony and Richard continued to Ireland to recruit as the battles of Sinsheim and Entzheim had left gaps in the ranks of the regiment.[89] The recruits were picked up by French ships at Kinsale in April[90] after a missed appointment at Dingle in March.[91]

Anthony's and Richard's voyage to Ireland caused them to miss Turenne's winter campaign 1674/1675, during which the French marched south and surprised the Germans by attacking them in Upper Alsace. According to James Balfour Paul George excelled at Turenne's victory at Turckheim on 5 January 1675,[92] but according to Clark he was absent.[93]

On 27 July 1675 Hamilton was at his side when Turenne was killed at the Sasbach.[94][95][96] The French retreated, pursued by the imperial army under Raimondo Montecuccoli, resulting in rearguard actions known as the Battle of Altenheim where Hamilton and his Irish excelled.[97] In this battle the French army was commanded by the comte Guy Aldonce de Durfort de Lorges and the marquis de Vaubrun, who was slain in the action.[98] Hamilton and his unit were part of the rearguard under Louis de Boufflers.[99] After Altenheim Louis XIV called in Louis, Grand Condé to take over the command of the Rhine Army.[100]

In January 1676 Hamilton went to Ireland to recruit as Altenheim had taken its toll. The recruiting was tolerated by Essex, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland on instruction by the King.[101] In February 1676 Hamilton was promoted maréchal de camp (major-general) for his achievements at Altenheim.[102][103] On 10 March 1676 (N.S.) François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg replaced the Grand Condé, who was old, sick, and tired.[104]

Comte d'Hamilton

French sources generally call Hamilton not chevalier but comte[88][99][84] and once even marquis.[103] The Gazette de France of 26 June 1674 mentions Comte d'Hamilton as one of the French commanders at the Battle of Sinsheim.[105] This might simply reflect the belief held by the French that he was a nobleman in England, Scotland, or Ireland, or shear cautious politeness from their part. The French genealogist François-Alexandre Aubert de La Chesnaye Des Bois mentions Hamilton as a Scottish noble family that gave rise to a Duc de Châtelleraut and mentions Comte Antoine Hamilton but not George Hamilton.[106]

Many English sources also call him count.[52][107] Ó Ciardha (2009) says he was made a count in February 1676, ennobled by Louis XIV,[102][97] This might simply echo the French use, taking for truth what is maybe a mistake or politeness. To call George Hamilton the father "the baronet" and his son "the count" is a neat way to distinguish them. Sergeant (1913) thinks he was made a count soon after he obtained French nationality.[108] Ó Ciardha seems to believe he was made a count in February 1676 after his achievements at Altenheim.[102][97]

No source mentions a territorial designation and none mentions that Hamilton owned land that was erected as comté as was done in some other cases.[lower-alpha 7]

Photo shows an old road and a rocky slope in a forest of tall broad-leaved trees.
Old road over the Col de Saverne

Death and timeline

Luxembourg's attempts to relieve the Siege of Philippsburg resulted in many marches and countermarches. Hamilton was killed on 1 June 1676 while commanding Luxembourg's rear-guard at the Col de Saverne (Zebernstieg in Alsatian[110]) where imperial troops under Charles V, Duke of Lorraine pursued the French who were retreating eastward to Saverne in lower Alsace.[111] His younger brother Anthony succeeded him as comte d'Hamilton,[112] but King Charles and his brother the Duke of York insisted that Thomas Dongan should succeed as colonel buying the regiment from the Hamiltons.[113] Despite Luxembourg's efforts Philippsburg surrendered on the 17 September 1676.[114]

Timeline
As his birth date is uncertain, so are all his ages.
AgeDateEvent
01640, estimateBorn, probably at Nenagh, Tipperary, Ireland.[lower-alpha 2]
0–11641Sister Elizabeth born[115]
2–315 Sep 1643Cessation (truce) between the Confederates and the government[116]
8–930 Jan 1649King Charles I beheaded.[117]
9–10Oct 1650Father defended Nenagh Castle against the Parliamentarians.[17]
10–111651Fled to France with his family; became a page to Charles II[20]
15–162 Apr 1656Charles concluded the Treaty of Brussels with Spain.
17–1814 Jun 1658 N.S.Battle of the Dunes
17–183 Sep 1658Oliver Cromwell died.[118]
19–2029 May 1660Restoration of King Charles II[119]
19–201660Followed Charles II to England and became an officer in the Life Guards.[32]
24–25Early in 1665Married Frances Jennings[40]
24–253 Jun 1665 O.S.Participated in the naval Battle of Lowestoft against the Dutch[57]
26–2721 Mar 1667Daughter Elizabeth baptised at St. Margaret's, Westminster, London[54]
26–2728 Sep 1667Dismissed from the Life Guards[58]
27–281 Feb 1668Left England and went to France[60]
30–311671Recruited an Irish infantry regiment for French service[72]
31–3212 Mar 1672 O.S.Beginning of the Third Anglo-Dutch War.[120]
32–336 Jun 1673Eldest brother James died after losing a leg in a sea-fight with the Dutch.[121]
33–3419 Feb 1674First Anglo-Dutch War ended with Treaty of Westminster[122]
33–3416 Jun 1674Fought at Sinsheim[85]
33–346 Oct 1674Fought at Entzheim and was wounded[87]
33–348 May 1675The King's proclamation concerning French service[81]
34–3527 Jul 1675Fought at Sasbach where Turenne was killed[94]
34–35Aug 1675Fought a noted rearguard action at Altenheim[99]
35–361 Jun 1676Killed in a rearguard action on the Col de Saverne[110][111]

Notes and references

Notes
  1. This family tree is partly derived from the Abercorn pedigree pictured in Cokayne[123] and written genealogies of the Abercorns.[124][125] Also see the list of children in the text.
  2. Strictly speaking, his birth date is constrained by the marriage of his parents (1635),[1] plus the gestation of his eldest brother James, and the date of birth of younger brother Anthony in 1645 or 1646.
  3. George's father's article gives a list of all the nine siblings.
  4. According to Kathryn Walter (pers. comm.) from National Portrait Gallery, the original oil painting, created about 1670, was lost in a fire at Ditton Park House in 1812, the one at NPG (NPG 1468) is a copy. The NPG website identifies the sitter as "Sir George Hamilton, 1st Bt (circa 1607-1679)", but older catalogues identify him as "George (Count) Hamilton".[27] This painting is reproduced in Sergeant (1913) where the caption reads "Sir George (Count) Hamilton From a photograph, by Emery Walker, of the picture in the National Portrait Gallery". We therefore have two contradicting identifications.
  5. Miniature by Samuel Cooper c. 1665, NPG 5095
  6. Ruth Clark, however, thinks he could not have got there in time.[68]
  7. For example when Claude de Mesmes was ennobled as comte d'Avaux in 1638.[109]

Citations
  1. Manning 2001, p. 150, bottom. "... February 28th, 1635 regarding the marriage intended between Hamilton and Mary Butler, sister of the earl, which was to take place before the last day of April [1635]."
  2. Ó Ciardha 2009, 1st paragraph, 1st sentence. "Hamilton, Sir George (d. 1676), courtier and army officer, was the second son of Sir George Hamilton (d. 1679), 1st baronet ..."
  3. Lodge 1789b, p. 110, footnote. "The great proportion and manor of Donalong on his third son George and his heirs ..."
  4. Lodge 1789a, p. 40, line 14. "Mary, married to Sir George Hamilton, ancestor by her to the Earl of Abercorn, and died in August 1680."
  5. Debrett 1828b, p. 640. "Theobald le Boteler on whom that office [Chief Butler of Ireland] was conferred by King Henry II., 1177 ..."
  6. Manning 2001, p. 149, line 6. "... there were two Sir George Hamiltons, one being the nephew of the other and both married to different Mary Butlers, one of whom was the niece of the other. The older couple lived at Roscrea Castle and the younger couple, the parents of Anthony Hamilton, were at Nenagh."
  7. Debrett 1828a, p. 63, line 20. "He [Sir George] m. [married] Mary, 3d daughter of Thomas, Viscount Thurles, son of Walter, 11th earl of Ormond and sister of James, duke of Ormond, and had issue 6 sons and 3 daughters ..."
  8. Metcalfe 1909, p. 234, line 10. "Her [Marion Boyd's] husband had been a staunch Protestant, an elder in the Kirk, and a member of the General Assembly."
  9. Metcalfe 1909, p. 234, line 12. "During his [James Hamilton's] lifetime she had evidently conformed; but after his death she had evidently relapsed."
  10. Clark 1921, p. 16. "James Hamilton's marriage to Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Colepeper ... took place as early as 1660 or 1661. As the lady was a Protestant, James Hamilton left the Church of Rome shortly before his marriage, to the great sorrow and anger of his devout mother ..."
  11. Clark 1921, p. 13. "... Thomas, Anthony's junior had entered the Navy in 1666 or earlier."
  12. Millar 1890, p. 177, left column, line 46. "... the Marquis of Ormonde, whom he [George's father] followed to Caen in the spring of 1651 with his wife and family."
  13. Coffey 1914, p. 178. "Now seemed the time to follow up the victory of Benburb and subdue the whole North of Ireland; but it was not to be for letters from the Nuncio caused O'Neill to withdraw from the North and move South ..."
  14. Sergeant 1913, p. 145, line 21. "For some reason, when the rebel leader Owen O'Neill took Roscrea, Tipperary, the home of the Hamiltons, in September 1646, and put the inhabitants to the sword, he spared Lady Hamilton and her young children ..."
  15. Carte 1851, p. 265. "... after taking Roscrea on Sept. 17, and putting man, woman, and child to the sword, except sir G. Hamilton's lady, sister to the marquis of Ormond ..."
  16. Manning 2001, p. 151. "Nenagh Castle was taken by Phelim O’Neill in 1648 but recaptured by Inchiquin in the same year, and Sir George Hamilton was back again to defend it against Ireton and Abbott in 1650."
  17. Warner 1768, p. 228. "... taking Nenagh and two other castles, on the tenth of November, he came to his winter quarters at Kilkenny."
  18. Clark 1921, p. 5. "In the spring of 1651 took place, at last, the event which had such a determining influence on the fate of the young Hamiltons. Sir George Hamilton left his country for France with his family ..."
  19. Sauvageot 1867, p. 88. "Pendant cette période orageuse, Henriette d'Angleterre, refugiée en France, eut le Château Neuf pour maison de campagne. Le jeune roi y data, en 1649, des lettres ..."
  20. Clark 1921, p. 8, line 12. "Thanks to Ormond, always mindful of his relatives' welfare, George, the second son, was made a page to Charles II ..."
  21. Paul 1904, p. 53, line 26. "Sir George Hamilton who was page to King Charles II. during his exile ..."
  22. Clark 1921, p. 8, line 27. "... his [Antoine Hamilton's] mother and his aunt, Lady Muskerry, had apartments at the Couvent des Feuillantines in Paris ..."
  23. Fraser 1980, p. 147. "... Charles secured permission to come to Brussels, the capital of the Spanish Netherlands, arriving there in March 1656."
  24. Aubrey 1990, p. 108.
  25. Airy 1904, p. 130, line 5. "Charles had arrived at Bruges 22 April 1656 ..."
  26. Airy 1904, p. 130, line 10. "Here [at Bruges] he remained until February 7, 1658, when he went to Brussels."
  27. Cust 1907, p. 179. "Sir George, Count Hamilton."
  28. "Sir George Hamilton, 1st Bt - National Portrait Gallery".
  29. Cannon 1837, p. 2. "His Majesty selected from among them eighty cavalier gentlemen, who had adopted the profession of arms and adhered to the royal cause with unshaken fidelity, and on the 17th of May, 1660, constituted them a corps of Life Guards for the protection of the royal person."
  30. White-Spunner 2006, p. 56. "... Sir George Hamilton of the King's Troop ..."
  31. Akin 1797, p. 171. "The first troop was raised in the year 1660 and the command given to Lord Gerard;"
  32. Paul 1904, p. 53, line 27. "... and after the Restoration [George] was an officer in the Horse Guards till 1667 ..."
  33. Seaward 2004, p. 127, right column. "... he sailed to England and on 29 May [1660] he entered London in triumph."
  34. Pepys 1895, p. 65. "As many of the men as I can remember presently, were, the King, Duke of York, Prince Rupert, Duke of Monmouth, Duke of Buckingham, Lord Douglas, Mr. [George] Hamilton ..."
  35. Hamilton 1888, p. 301. "Hamilton, upon the whole, was pretty well treated by her [Mrs Wetenhall], if a man in love who is never satisfied until the completion of his wishes, could confine himself within the bounds of moderation ..."
  36. Hartmann 1924, p. 15. "The mayds of honour were likewise in wayting, viz. Mrs. Cary, Mrs. Stuart ..."
  37. Hamilton 1888, p. 345. "Believe me, my dear friend, there is no playing tricks with our masters, I mean there is no ogling of their mistresses. I myself wanted to play the agreeable in France ..."
  38. Green 1967, p. 23. "Of her sisters, Frances, eight years Sarah's senior, preceded her to court as a maid of honour."
  39. Macaulay 1855, p. 639.
  40. Burke & Burke 1915, p. 54, right column, line 49. "George (Sir), Count of France, and Maréchal du Camp; m. [married] 1665 Frances dau. [daughter] and co-heir of Richard Jennings ..."
  41. Sergeant 1913, p. 201. "The date of this grant was April 20th, 1666, so that the wedding evidently took place in the spring of that year."
  42. UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  43. Sergeant 1913, p. 201. "... the King in particular hastened to show his approval of the marriage by bestowing on Hamilton a pension of £500 a year."
  44. Hamilton 1888, p. 365. "George Hamilton, under more favourable auspices, married the lovely Jennings;"
  45. Bagwell 1898, p. 336. "Of her six children by Hamilton, three daughters, Elizabeth, Frances, and Mary, married Viscounts Ross, Dillon and Kingsland and were well known in Ireland as the 'three viscomtesses'."
  46. Burke 1869, p. 3, left column, line 18. "Elizabeth, m. to Richard, viscount Ross;"
  47. Burke 1949, p. 1725, left column, line 38. "Richard, 1st Viscount Rosse, who was elevated to the peerage, 2 July, 1681, as Baron of Oxmantown and Viscount Rosse with remainder to the male issue of his great-grandfather; m. [married] 1stly, by licence 27 Feb. 1676-7, Anne (d.s.p. [died without issue]), dau. [daughter] of Thomas Walsingham, m. 2ndly, 14 Oct. 1681, Catherine Brydges (d.s.p. 24 Aug. 1682), dau. of George, Lord Chandos. He m. 3rdly, 1685, Elizabeth, eldest dau. of Sir George Hamilton (and niece of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough), by whom he had two sons and three daus. He d. [died] 30 Jan 1702–3 and was s. [succeeded] by his elder son."
  48. Burke 1869, p. 3, left column, line 19. "Frances, m. to Henry, Viscount Dillon;"
  49. Burke 1949, p. 603, left column, line 91. "Henry, 8th Viscount Dillon, MP Westmeath in James II's Parliament in Dublin, Lieut, of Roscommon 1689, and Col. in James's army and Gov. of Galway, m. [married] July 1687, Frances, 2nd dau. of Count Sir George Hamilton, by his wife, Frances Jennings, afterwards Duchess of Tyrconnel; by whom, who m. 2ndly, Patrick, eld. son of Sir John Bellew, Bt., of Barmeath, he has issue. He died 13 Jan. 1713 and was s. [succeeded] by his son."
  50. Cokayne 1916, pp. 359-360. "His [Henry Dillon's] widow who was b. [born] in France, m. [married] Patrick Bellew of Barmeath, who d. v.p. [predeceased his father], 12 June 1720. She d. [died] 16 Nov. 1751."
  51. Burke 1869, p. 3, left column, line 20. "... Mary, m. [married] to Nicholaus, Viscount Kingsland."
  52. Cokayne 1910, p. 428. "Nicholas (Barnewall) Viscount Barnewall of Kingsland &c [I.], s. [son] and h. [heir] by his 2nd wife. He was b. [born] 15 Apr. 1668. He sat in King James's Parl. [I.] in May 1689. He m. [married], 15 May 1688, Mary, 3rd and yst. [youngest] da. [daughter] and coh. [coheir] of Sir George Hamilton (Comte Hamilton and Maréchal du Camp in France), by Frances ..."
  53. Daniell 1911, p. 236. "... the creation of Dame Frances Hamilton, the relict of Sir George Hamilton, to be Countess of Berehaven in Ireland, ordaining that Elizabeth, Mary, Frances and Henrietta Hamilton, the daughters of the said Sir George, should enjoy the privileges and precedence of the daughters of a Countess of Ireland."
  54. Sergeant 1913, p. 202. "... before a year had passed, a child was born. On March 21, 1667, a daughter was baptized at St Margaret's, Westminster, under the name of Elizabeth ..."
  55. Burke 1866, p. 419, right column, line 33. "1. Catharine m. [married] to James Hussey, Esq. of Westown, co. Dublin."
  56. Burke 1866, p. 294, right column. "James Hussey, Esq., of Westown, co. Dublin, and of Courtown, co. Kildare, m. [married] 1705 ... Catherine, dau. [daughter] of Richard Parsons, Viscount Rosse, and by her who d. [died] in March, 1766, had issue ... Edward Hussey, Esq., of Westown who m. in 1743, Isabella, eldest dau. and co-heir of John, Duke of Montague, and relict of William Montague, Duke of Manchester, and assumed at the decease of his father-in-law, the name and arms of Montague ... in 1762 [he was] created a peer of Great Britain ... and in 1784 advanced to be Earl Beaulieu."
  57. Sergeant 1913, p. 196"George Hamilton we hear of as one of the volunteers who joined the fleet just before the battle."
  58. Clark 1921, p. 29. "It therefore became necessary to cashier all Roman Catholics serving in the Royal Guards, and, on the 28th of September, 1667, on the ground that they refused to take the Oath of Supremacy, they were dismissed."
  59. Scott 1846, p. 5, line 19. "Charles II, being restored to his throne brought over to England several Catholic officers and soldiers who had served abroad with him and his brother the Duke of York and incorporated them with his guards; but the parliament having obliged him to dismiss all officers who were Catholics, the king permitted George Hamilton to take such as were willing to accompany him to France, where Louis XIV. formed them into a company of gens d'armes, and being highly pleased with them, became himself their captain, and made George Hamilton their captain-lieutenant."
  60. Clark 1921, p. 32, line 14. "On the first of February, 1668, at last and aided by a new gift of five hundred pistols by Louis, George Hamilton managed to sail from Dover to Ostend with 100 men and horses ..."
  61. Clark 1921, p. 32, line 20. "In his pass, dated January 14, he is for the first time styled Sir Georges Hamilton, and would thus seem to have been knighted by Charles before his departure ..."
  62. Burke 1869, p. 3, left column, line 13. "George (Sir), Knight, Count of France ..."
  63. Ó Ciardha 2009, Paragraph 3, 1st sentence××−≤. "He entered French service, enrolled in Louis's bodyguard, and became captain general of the regiment formed by his men, which Louis permitted him to call the Gendarmes Anglais."
  64. Clark 1921, p. 28. "This marriage too, like James Hamilton's, involved a change of religion, but this time it was the bride who changed, becoming a Roman Catholic."
  65. Wauchope 2004b, p. 688, left column. "At some time after the birth of her first child, in 1667, she converted to Catholicism and moved to Paris ..."
  66. O'Callaghan 1854, p. 33, line 50. "Sir George Hamilton ... commanded this Compagnie de Gendarmes Anglois, at the conquest of Franche-Comté in 1668."
  67. Gatin & Besson 1851, p. 242, line 27. "... conditions qui furent proposées par la ville, le 18 février [1668], et signée le lendemain par le roi ..."
  68. Clark 1921, p. 32. "... eighty-three more horses were got across in spring. He can therefore hardly, as is sometimes said, have led his company to the war in the Franche-Comté ..."
  69. Phillips 1911, p. 449, 3rd line. "The treaty of the 2nd of May 1668, which put an end to the War of Devolution, was the outcome of that of St. Germain, signed on the 15th of April by France and the representatives of the powers of the triple Alliance."
  70. Sergeant 1913, p. 207, line 6. "To further his advancement in the French service, it was thought advisable that he should change his nationality, and on March 11th, 1668, a warrant was issued in England which permitted him to procure letters of denization in France."
  71. Ó Ciardha 2009, 4th paragraph, 1st sentence. "Charles instructed the lords Justices of Ireland to give Hamilton permission to raise a regiment in Ireland of 1,500 men for France."
  72. Silke 1976, p. 609. "... in 1671 Sir George Hamilton recruited an infantry regiment of 1,500 for France."
  73. Murtagh 2004, p. 810, left column, line 1. "... joined the army, serving 1672 to 1676 as captain in France in Sir George Hamilton's regiment."
  74. Wauchope 2004a, p. 523, right column, line 10. "... in 1671 was appointed lieutenant-colonel of George Hamilton's Irish regiment in French pay."
  75. Clark 1921, p. 45, line 26. "... left in garrison in Liége."
  76. Clark 1921, p. 45, line 29. "... joined the French army after the famous passage of the Rhine in June."
  77. Clark 1921, p. 46. "... proceeded to Utrecht which fell on the 20th of June."
  78. Clark 1921, p. 47. "... Hamilton's men were stationed in Zutphen on the Yssel."
  79. Ó Ciardha 2009, 5th paragraph, 1st sentence. "Hamilton and his regiment served under the small army which Louis had left in the Netherlands, after the Dutch had opened the dykes ..."
  80. Ó Ciardha 2009, 5th paragraph, 2nd sentence. "In the summer 1673 he joined the great Maréchal Turenne ..."
  81. Atkinson 1946, p. 161. "In May, 1675, a fresh proclamation was issued recalling from the French service men who had entered it since the peace and forbidding anyone from joining."
  82. Daniell 1907, p. 110. "May 8 [1675] Whitehall. The King's answer to the address recalling his subjects from the French service."
  83. Quincy 1726, p. 392. "Quoique les troupes de Turenne fussent harassées après une marche de trente lieues, il s'avança à Seintzeim où les ennemis s'étoient arrêtez ..."
  84. "Bataille donnée aux troupes impériales & lorraines, sous le Duc Charles de Lorraine, & le Comte Caprara". Gazette de France (in French) (94): 600. 26 June 1674. Le Comte d'Hamilton, qui estoit à la teste de deux bataillons de son Régiment & de celuy de Montmouth, lesquels faisoient partie du Détachement de Philisbourg se signalent particuliérement ...
  85. Sergeant 1913, p. 213, line 4. "In 1674 it [the Régiment d'Hamilton] was engaged in two desperate struggles between Turenne and the Duke of Bournonville, at Sintzheim on June 16th and at Entzheim on October 6th, on both occasions playing a distinguished part in Turenne's victory."
  86. O'Conor 1855, p. 87. "... they [the Irish] had part in the plunder and the destruction of the dominions of the Elector Palatine, which tarnished the glory of the great Turenne."
  87. Clark 1921, p. 54. "George and Anthony were both wounded."
  88. Grimoard 1782, p. 133. "... le Comte de Hamilton Colonel d'infanterie ... furent blessés."
  89. Clark 1921, p. 56, line 10. "He [George Hamilton] left in the very beginning of March [1675], but Anthony was put in charge of the difficult expedition ..."
  90. Clark 1921, p. 56, bottom. "All in a sudden, in the first week of April, the French ships arrived unexpectedly in Kinsale."
  91. Clark 1921, p. 56, line 31. "Hamilton expected the French ships on the 8th of March but they did not appear."
  92. Paul 1904, p. 54, line 12. "He [George] distinguished himself at the battle of Turkenheim 5 January 1675 ..."
  93. Clark 1921, p. 55, line 31. "Turenne defeated them at Mulhouse on the 29th of December and at Turckheim on January 5th. George and Anthony did not, however, take part in these operations ..."
  94. Clark 1921, p. 213, last line. "Hamilton was at his [Turenne's] side when the fatal shot struck him down ..."
  95. Daniell 1907, p. 273. "... Marshal Turenne was shot in the breast, as he was viewing the Imperial army through a perspective glass ..."
  96. Saint-Hilaire 1766, p. 204. "... le Comte d'Hamilton, Brigadier, qui lui [Turenne] présenta de sa part ..."
  97. O'Conor 1855, p. 94. "Jealous as they are of sharing their fame, they admitted the Irish to all the honours of that memorable victory [of Altenheim], and the rank of major-general conferred on Count Hamilton marked the high sense entertained by the French of their obligations to his bravery on that great occasion."
  98. Quincy 1726, p. 448. "Le marquis de Vaubrun y fut tué en donnant de grandes marques de valeur."
  99. Quincy 1726, p. 447. "Il [Montecuccoli] trouva le Chevalier de Bouflers avec ses dragons & le Comte Hamilton avec ses Anglois qui le repoussèrent après une action des plus vives."
  100. Longueville 1907, p. 392. "The King made Condé leave his army in Flanders to take the command vacated by the death of Turenne."
  101. Atkinson 1946, p. 162. "... in January 1676, Essex, being in London, Essex wrote to Sir John Temple, the Master of the Rolls in Ireland, 'Sir George Hamilton went about a month since into Ireland privately to make some levies there."
  102. Ó Ciardha 2009, 6th paragraph, 3rd sentence. "... George became a count and maréchal de camp in February 1676."
  103. "Liste des officiers généraux". Gazette de France (in French) (20): 261. 20 March 1676. Armée d'Allemagne ... Maréchaux de camp ... Le Marquis d'Hamilton
  104. Lynn 1999, p. 144. "Luxembourg who replaced Condé in Alsace lost Philippsburg to the able Charles V of Lorrain in 1676 …"
  105. "Bataille donnée aux troupes impériales & lorraines, sous le Duc Charles de Lorraine, & le Comte Caprara". Gazette de France (in French) (94): 600. 26 June 1674. Le Comte d'Hamilton, qui estoit à la teste de deux batillons de son Régiment & de celuy de Montmouth, lesquels faisoient partie du Détachement de Philisbourg se signalent particuliérement ...
  106. La Chesnaye des Bois 1774, p. 630.
  107. Corp 2004, p. 766, right column, line 4. "He [George] was made a count and maréchal-de-camp ..."
  108. Sergeant 1913, p. 207, line 11. "Soon after this Louis created him a count."
  109. La Chesnaye des Bois 1770, p. 478, top. "Avaux, en Champagne, diocèse de Reims, Terre & seigneurie érigée en comté par Lettres du mois de Janvier 1638, registrées le 4 Août 1648 en faveur de Jacques de Mesmes, Seigneur de Roissi, Conseiller d'état, & de son second fils Claude de Mesmes ..."
  110. Sergeant 1913, p. 217. "At the beginning of June [1676] he took part in the battle of Zebernstieg and was engaged in covering the French retreat on Saverne when he was killed by a musket-shot."
  111. Clark 1921, p. 63. "Near Saverne Lorraine [i.e. the Duke of L.] attacked his rear-guard, commanded by George Hamilton, but was driven back in a fierce combat, in which Hamilton and his regiment fought with all possible bravery, though the Imperialists spread a report that all the English and Irish in the French service had surrendered. In the moment of victory George Hamilton fell. This was on the 1st of June 1676."
  112. Corp 2004, p. 766, right column, line 22. "In 1678, having inherited the title of count from his brother, Anthony left France."
  113. Ó Ciardha 2009, 7th paragraph, 1st sentence. "One of his brothers was to have taken over the command of the regiment but, at the insistence of Charles II and the duke of York, it was sold to Dongan ..."
  114. Lynn 1999, pp. 147–148. "After the enemy breached an outer work of the fortress [i.e. Philippsburg] and Dufay exhausted his ammunition, the Freench beat the chamade on 8 September [1676]."
  115. Rigg 1890, p. 146, left column. "... was born in 1641."
  116. Airy 1886, p. 54, right column. "... and the cessation was signed on the 15 Sept. [1643]."
  117. Fryde et al. 1986, p. 44, line 17. "Charles I. ... exec. 30 Jan. 1649 ..."
  118. Fryde et al. 1986, p. 44, line 27. "Oliver Cromwell ... d. 3 Sept. 1658 ..."
  119. Fryde et al. 1986, p. 44, line 39. "Charles II. ... acc. 29 May 1660 ..."
  120. Evelyn 1901, p. 76. "12th March 1672. Now was the first blow given by us to the Dutch convoy of the Smyrna fleet, by Sir Robert Holmes and Lord Ossory, in which we received little save blows and a worthy reproach for attacking our neighbors ere any war was proclaimed ..."
  121. Burke & Burke 1915, p. 54, right column, line 38. "1. James, Col. ... he d.v.p. [predeceased his father] of a wound received in a naval engagement with the Dutch, 6 June 1673 and was buried in Westminster Abbey."
  122. Lynn 1999, p. 122. "... the English concluded a separate peace with his [Louis's] enemies through the Treaty of Westminster on 19 February 1674 …"
  123. Cokayne 1910, p. 4. "Tabular pedigree of the Earls of Abercorn"
  124. Cokayne 1910, pp. 2–11
  125. Paul 1904, pp. 37–74

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