Gerronema
Gerronema is a genus of small- to medium-sized lignicolous agarics with white, nonamyloid, spores and decurrent gills.[1][2][3] The genus was circumscribed by American mycologist Rolf Singer in 1951.[4]
| Gerronema | |
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| Gerronema strombodes | |
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| Genus: | Gerronema Singer (1951) |
| Type species | |
| Gerronema melanomphax Singer (1951) | |
Description
Typically the cap of the fruit bodies have a shallow to deep central depression, giving the umbrella-like to funnel-shaped caps the appearance of a belly button, or a belly with a navel. Similarly shaped agarics are said to be omphalinoid in appearance in reference to a morphologically similar genus, Omphalina. Gerronema differ from Omphalina by the absence of incrusting or intraparietal pigments typical of Omphalina, the occasional occurrence of bright colors, such as yellow or green absent in Omphalina, by the restriction to decay of wood, and by the tough tissues composed of sarcodimitic hyphae.
Phylogeny
Gerronema belongs to the informal “hydropoid” clade, together with Hydropus, Megacollybia and Clitocybula.[5] In a phylogenetic study of Clitocybulas, the hydropoid clade was found found to contain 8 genera.[6] In 2019, the hydropoid clade was moved to Porotheleaceae, removing Gerronema from Marasmiaceae. The same study also recognized Gerronema as polyphyletic on the basis of previous taxonomic studies and divided it into seven clades, designated as Gerronema 1 to Gerronema 7.[7]
Distribution
The species have a primarily tropical distribution, but also occur in Europe and eastern North America where they fruit during hot muggy, summer weather. One of the most common species in the eastern United States is Gerronema strombodes .
Species
As of June 2015, Index Fungorum lists 55 species in Gerronema:[8] and a new combination was published in 2019.[6]
- G. aconquijense
- G. albidum
- G. albogriseolum
- G. alutaceum
- G. amabile
- G. atrialba
- G. baishanzuense[9]
- G. bethlehemicum
- G. brunneum
- G. bryogeton
- G. calongei
- G. candidum
- G. chrysocarpum
- G. chrysocraspedum
- G. cinctum
- G. citrinum
- G. collybiomorphum
- G. corticiphilum
- G. costaricense
- G. cyathiforme
- G. daamsii
- G. daguense
- G. farinolens
- G. fibula
- G. flammeum
- G. glutinipes
- G. hungo
- G. incarnatum
- G. infumatum
- G. josserandii
- G. laccarioides
- G. longipes
- G. majus
- G. mariae
- G. microcarpum[9]
- G. melanomphax
- G. moseri
- G. nemorale
- G. nitriolens
- G. oligophyllum
- G. pantoxanthum
- G. pseudomurale
- G. reclinis
- G. sanguineum
- G. schusteri
- G. sericeum
- G. stevensonii
- G. strombodes
- G. subchrysophyllum
- G. subclavatum
- G. suboreades
- G. subsericellum
- G. sucrense
- G. tenue
- G. theophili
- G. umbilicatum
- G. virgineum
- G. viridilucens (bioluminescent)
- G. xanthophyllum
- G. zhujian[9]
References
- Redhead SA, Moncalvo J-M, Vilgalys R, Lutzoni F (2002). "Phylogeny of agarics: partial systematics solutions for bryophilous omphalinoid agarics outside of the Agaricales (euagarics)". Mycotaxon. 82: 151–168.
- Redhead SA, Lutzoni F, Moncalvo J-M, Vilgalys R (2002b). "Phylogeny of agarics: partial systematics solutions for core omphalinoid genera in the Agaricales (euagarics)". Mycotaxon. 83: 19–57.
- Norvell LL, Redhead SA, Ammirati JF (1994). "Omphalina sensu lato in North America. 1-2: 1: Omphalina wynniae and the genus Chrysomphalina. 2: Omphalina sensu Bigelow". Mycotaxon. 50: 379–407.
- Singer R. (1951). "New genera of fungi V". Mycologia. 43 (5): 598–604. doi:10.2307/3755431. JSTOR 3755431.
- Moncalvo, Jean-Marc; Vilgalys, Rytas; Redhead, Scott A.; Johnson, James E.; James, Timothy Y.; Catherine Aime, M.; Hofstetter, Valerie; Verduin, Sebastiaan J. W.; Larsson, Ellen; Baroni, Timothy J.; Greg Thorn, R.; Jacobsson, Stig; Clémençon, Heinz; Miller, Orson K. (June 2002). "One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 357–400. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 12099793.
- Antonín V, Borovička J, Holec J, Piltaver A, Kolařík M (2019). "Taxonomic update of Clitocybula sensu lato with a new generic classification". Fungal Biology. 123 (6): 431–447. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2019.03.004. PMID 31126420. S2CID 146048025.
- Vizzini, Alfredo; Picillo, Bernardo; Perrone, Luigi; Dovana, Francesco (2019). "Chrysomycena perplexa gen. et sp. nov. (Agaricales, Porotheleaceae), una nuova entità dal territorio laziale (Italia)". Rivista micologica romana. Bollettino dell'Associazione Micologica Ecologica Romana (in Italian). 107: 96–107. ISSN 2704-6206.
- Kirk PM. "Species Fungorum (version 26th May 2015). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life". Archived from the original on 2017-08-28. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
- Na, Qin; Hu, Yaping; Zeng, Hui; Song, Zhizhong; Ding, Hui; Cheng, Xianhao; Ge, Yupeng (2022-04-29). "Updated taxonomy on Gerronema (Porotheleaceae, Agaricales) with three new taxa and one new record from China". MycoKeys. 89: 87–120. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.89.79864. ISSN 1314-4057. PMC 9849079. PMID 36760827.