Giant human skeletons

During the nineteenth century, there was widespread belief in North America of a prehistoric lost race. European settlers embraced myths of pre-Columbian settlements from the Old World, which reframed colonization as the continuation of a primordial past in which the roles of native peoples were diminished or dismissed. Through a process that historian Douglas Hunter described as "White Tribism", the settlers interpreted signs of "intellectual and cultural capabilities" in North American ruins, as signs of whiteness in their creators.[3] Based on the legendary voyages of the Welsh prince Madoc, the earliest English settlers sought and failed to uncover evidence of a civilizing Welsh influence in native peoples like the Mandan.[4] By the late eighteenth century, this paternalistic narrative became strained due, in part, to violence against the native peoples on the western frontier. White Americans developed the myth of the mound builder race, which provided a rationale for the colonization of the American Midwest. The various versions of the myth held that the massive earthworks of the Mississippi Valley, like Grave Creek Mound and the Great Serpent Mound, were not built by the ancestors of Native Americans, as is now widely believed. According to the myth, the Indians had exterminated a prehistoric, white race of mound builders. This cast genocidal violence towards the Native Americans as defensive or retributive.[5] Josiah Priest's American Antiquities, released in 1833, crystalized the idea of a lost race—mentioned in the Book of Genesis—that created the monuments of North America before being exterminated by savages.[6][3][7]^{: ch. 6}

Between 1812 and the American Civil War (1861-1865), nearly all Americans writing about the continent's history used the myth of the white mound-building race.[5] In literature, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow imagined the The Skeleton in Armor (now accepted to be a native leader), as a lovesick Norse Viking eloping with his "fair" and "blue-eyed" lover.[8] Sarah Josepha Hale accompanied her The Genius of Oblivion with end notes that claim "the ancient inhabitants [buried in the mounds] were of a different race from the Indians."[9] Preachers taught a biblical basis for the primordial race, including connections to the lost tribes or the Nephilim, giants from the Book of Genesis.[7]^{: 214-217, ch. 4} Joseph Smith incorporated the pre-Columbian whites into Mormon teachings.[3]

A typical example of nineteenth newspaper reporting on the unfounded and disproved mound builder race theory

In academia, the creators of North America's earthworks were conflated with the creators of Mesoamerican megalithic structures, then understood to be the mythical Toltecs.[10]^: 131 According to historian Christen Mucher, the Toltec connection facilitated the adoption of Spanish stories of a race of giants, like the 1519 account of the Tlaxcala leaders presenting Hernán Cortés with a massive bone, allegedly from a giant defeated by their ancestors.[10]^{: 153–154} In New Views of the Origin of the Tribes and Nations of America (1798), naturalist Benjamin Smith Barton who was familiar with the legends of giants across North America and discoveries of mastodon bones, warned against interpreting the "discovery of bones, sculls, and entire skeletons of prodigious size" as evidence of prehistoric giants.[10]^{: 128, 151, 154} Despite his warning, New Views would provide the basic framework for the Mound Builder myth and the later waves of giant skeleton reports.[10]^: 164 As more information was discovered about Native American cultural complexity, the lost race became increasingly described as physically superior giants.[7]^: 242[10]^: 154 Con artist George Hull created the Cardiff Giant hoax after an argument with Henry Turk, a preacher who taught that the biblical giants had literally walked the Earth.[7]^{: 245–249} PT Barnum commissioned a copy of the hoaxed giant, after a plan to have an 18-foot tall "skeleton prepared from various bones" failed.[7]^: 243 The belief became so widespread, that Abraham Lincoln referenced the lost race of giants along with extinct Mastodons when describing the age of Niagara Falls.[2]

Hundreds of newspaper articles credulously described the purported discovery of giant skeletons, sometimes with anatomical irregularities attributed to the Nephilim.[1] For example, a massive skeleton unearthed in Tennessee toured the state as a specimen of this lost race. The reconstructed skeleton was mounted to a timber frame in a standing position with missing bones recreated from wood and rawhide.[11] Preachers, doctors, and journalists confirmed it to "belong to the genus homo" despite a standing height estimated up to twenty feet tall.[11][7]^: 215 When the giant was taken to New Orleans, medical doctor William Carpenter found it to be a young mastodon's remains. Carpenter reported that there was not fraud—the man exhibiting the bones boxed them up after discovering they were not human—but rather a widespread desire to believe.[11] The mastodon ceased to be exhibited as a person, but soon other purported giants were unearthed, exhibited, reported, or sold for profit.[7]^: 215[12]

Even after the Smithsonian had proved the mound builders to be Native Americans, the popular press continued to publish accounts of the prehistoric lost race, like this table published by the Omaha World-Herald in 1900. Comparing the heights of various alleged giants (from 7 to 9 feet tall), it labels "Indian" as a separate people from "Mound Builder" or "Prehistoric".

Throughout the 19th century, some scholars expressed doubt about the excavations of purported giants but had little impact on public perception.[7]^: 248 Many readers embraced the skeletons as evidence of biblical history, against unpopular experts whose discoveries undermined a literal interpretation of the bible.[1]^: 251 With a rise in white literacy rates and the emergence of the cheaper penny press newspapers, there was a strong market for these tales that gave them greater impact than university scholarship.[7]^: 243 Stories frequently ran presenting as straight fact: hoaxes, scams, and misinterpretations of extinct megafauna. Some newspapers outright fabricated stories. The St. Louis Evening Chronicle published the account of researchers who explored a subterranean city beneath Moberly, Missouri. The account described massive underground streets where a skeleton—three times larger than a typical human—was found slumped over a public fountain.[7]^: 243 Other newspapers reported the Moberly claims as factual[13] and republished the entire story including implausible details like the researcher who, upon drinking from the skeleton's fountain, described the water as "very sweet and nice".[14]

Ethnologist Cyrus Thomas spent years compiling his Report on the Mound Explorations for the Smithsonian Institution. The 1894 in-depth study on North America's earthworks provided over seven hundred pages of conclusive evidence that they were built by native peoples.[7]^: 302 Thomas' report shifted academic attitudes but news reports of giant skeletons continued to come out for decades afterward.[7]^{: 312–319} It was common for the stories to claim that the bones were sent to the Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian's Bureau of Ethnology did encourage those excavating mounds, to send Native American bones to their Mound Exploration Division.[1][7]^: 312 Prior to the 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act,[1] the Smithsonian collected over 18,000 of these skeletons. However, the sensationalist newspaper articles were often invoking the Smithsonian's name in order to lend credibility.[15][7]^: 312

In 1934, Aleš Hrdlička, curator of anthropology at the Smithsonian Institution rejected the existence of a race of giants between seven and 8 ft (2.4 m) tall. Hrdlička blamed the "will to believe" for the many reports of giant "discoveries".[16] Hrdlička blamed amateur anthropologists for being fooled by the bones. He stated that people were most often fooled by the length of the femur bone because they are often not familiar with human anatomy. Hrdlička also stated that reports of giant skeletons occurred two or three times per month.[17]

In 2020 The Columbus Dispatch reported that archeologist, Donald Ball collected articles about giant skeletons which were purportedly found in burial mounds dating as far back as 1845. He determined that when the claims about giant skeletons were scrutinized they did not reveal giant skeletons. One story in The Indianapolis Journal reported on August 29, 1883 that a 9 ft (2.7 m) skeleton had been found. Dr. M. M. Adams investigated and concluded that the bones were "not of a giant" and the individual was not "above five feet eight inches in height". He determined that it was a "giant fraud" upon the people.[18]

Giant of Castelnau

Three bone fragments of the named "Giant of Castelnau" compared to a regular-size humerus (centre), according to Georges Vacher de Lapouge.

"Giant of Castelnau" refers to three bone fragments (a humerus, tibia, and femoral mid-shaft) discovered by Georges Vacher de Lapouge in 1890 in the sediment used to cover a Bronze Age burial tumulus, and dating possibly back to the Neolithic. Lapouge determined that the fossil bones may belong to one of the largest humans known to have existed. However in 2022, Katherine Hacanyan asserted that this discovery by Lapouge was most likely a cave bear and not a human. [22] Giant skeletons of animals were often mistaken for Giant human bones during previous centuries and during the early 20th century. This was due to a lack of expertise in human bone structure by those who discovered the bones. Also, some discoveries were intentionally misrepresented for various reasons.[23]

The fact-checking website Snopes records similar hoaxes in Saudi Arabia and India.[24]

• Cardiff Giant