Gidaya

Gidaya (Harari: ጊዳየ Gidayä), also known as Gedaya or Jidaya was a historical Muslim state located around present-day eastern Ethiopia.[1][2][3][4] The state was positioned on the Harar plateau and a district of Adal region alongside Hargaya and Hubat polities.[5][6][7] It neighbored other states in the medieval era including Ifat, Mora, Hadiya, Fatagar, Biqulzar and Fedis.[8][9]

Location of Gidaya state in the middle ages

History

According to Dr. Lapiso Delebo, Gidaya was one of the Islamic states that had developed in the Horn of Africa from the ninth to fourteenth centuries.[10] The people of Gidaya were reportedly a sub clan of the Harla people.[11] The earliest mention of Gidaya state is during its conflict with the Makhzumi dynasty in 1266.[12] In the thirteenth century the Arab writer al-Mufaḍḍal mentions the king of Gidaya was named Yûsuf ibn Arsamâyah.[13]

In 1285 Walasma dynasty crushed a rebellion led by Gidaya which allied with Shewa to revive the Makhzumi state.[14] In the fourteenth century it was under the Ifat Sultanate and later the Adal Sultanate with its leader known as the Garad.

In the sixteenth century the people of Gidaya were part of the army of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi during the Ethiopian-Adal war.[15][16] Ulrich Braukamper states Gidaya may be associated with Giri mentioned in the Futuh al Habasha who today are of dual Oromo and Somali ancestry living around Jigjiga, the presumed location of Gidaya state.[17]

Towns within Gidaya were reportedly surrounded by ramparts by the late sixteenth century.[18] The name Gidaya still exists as a surname in Harar, and according to researcher Mahdi Gadid, Gidaya state was primarily inhabited by Harari people before being assimilated by the Oromo and Somali people.[19][20] According to Harari records Gidaya state collapsed due to the Oromo migrations and famine.[21]

Legacy

Aw Gidaya is considered a saint in Harar.[22]

See also

References
  1. Loimeier, Roman (2013). Muslim Societies in Africa A Historical Anthropology. Indiana University Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780253007971.
  2. Ethiopia: History, Culture and Challenges. LitVerlag. 2017. p. 234. ISBN 9783643908926.
  3. Spuler, Bertold (August 1997). The Last Great Muslim Empires. BRILL. p. 170. ISBN 9004021043.
  4. Ende, Werner (15 December 2011). Islam in the World Today A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society. Cornell University Press. p. 436. ISBN 978-0801464898.
  5. Braukamper, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Lit. p. 33. ISBN 9783825856717.
  6. Cerulli, Enrico. Islam yesterday and today. p. 178.
  7. Gidaya. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
  8. Schneider, Madeleine. Stèles funéraires musulmanes de la province du Choa (PDF). Annales d'Éthiopie. p. 78.
  9. Hirsch, Bertrand (2020). "Le récit des guerres du roi ʿAmda Ṣeyon contre les sultanats islamiques, fiction épique du XVe siècle". Médiévales (79): 107. JSTOR 27092794.
  10. Dilebo, Lapiso (2003). An introduction to Ethiopian history from the Megalithism Age to the Republic, circa 13000 B.C. to 2000 A.D. Commercial Printing Enterprise.
  11. WONDIMU, ALEMAYEHU. A CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE HARARI PEOPLE (PDF). Jimma University. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-04-21.
  12. Mahzumi dynasty. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
  13. Hirsch, Bertrand. The port of Zeyla and its hinterland in the Middle Ages. French Center for Ethiopian Studies.
  14. Tamrat, Tadesse. Church and state (PDF). University of London. p. 245.
  15. Tamrat, Taddesse (November 1991). Review: Place Names in Ethiopian History. Journal of Ethiopian Studies. p. 120. JSTOR 41965996.
  16. Oliver, Roland (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. p. 170. ISBN 9780521209816.
  17. Braukamper, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Lit. p. 34. ISBN 9783825856717.
  18. Mercier, Héloïse. Writing and rewriting history from Harar to Awsa : a reappraisal of the Taʾrīkh al-mulūk. Annales d'Éthiopie. p. 55.
  19. Gidaya. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
  20. Ogot, Bethwell (1992). Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. University of California Press. p. 711. ISBN 9780435948115.
  21. Trimingham, J. (13 September 2013). Islam in Ethiopia. Routledge. pp. 93–94. ISBN 9781136970221.
  22. Foucher, Emile. The Cult Of Muslim Saints In Harar: Religious Dimension (PDF). Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference of Ethiopian Studies. p. 8.
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