Giovanni Battista Beccaria
Giovanni Battista Beccaria FRS (Italian: [bekkaˈriːa]; 3 October 1716 – 27 May 1781)[1] was an Italian physicist. A fellow of the Royal Society, he published several papers on electrical subjects in the Phil. Trans.[2] Beccaria was one of Benjamin Franklin's more conspicuous correspondents.[3] His students included Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Giovanni Francesco Cigna, Giuseppe Angelo Saluzzo, and the successor to the Chair of physics, Antonio Vassalli Eandi; moreover, his researches inspired the physicists of Pavia, Alessandro Volta and Luigi Galvani.[4]
Giovanni Battista Beccaria | |
|---|---|
 Beccaria by Andrea Gastaldi, 1845 | |
| Born | Francesco Ludovico Beccaria October 3, 1716 |
| Died | 27 May 1781 (aged 64) |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Known for | Elettricismo artificiale e naturale libri due |
| Parent(s) | Giovanni Battista Beccaria Anna Maria Ingalis |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Experimental physics |
| Institutions | University of Turin |
| Notable students | Joseph-Louis Lagrange |
Beccaria did much, in the way both of experiment and exposition, to spread a knowledge of the electrical researches of Benjamin Franklin and others. In 1753, he published an important treatise on electricity, "Elettricismo artificiale e naturale libri due", which was translated into English thanks to Franklin's interest.[4] His contributions include a classification of luminous discharges, the collection of data on atmospheric electricity, and the design of the electrical thermometer, whose invention is usually wrongly ascribed to Franklin's colleague, Ebenezer Kinnersley.[5] Franklin noted in a letter to Cadwallader Colden that "he (Beccaria) seems a Master of Method, and has reduc'd to systematic Order the scatter'd Experiments and Positions deliver'd in my Papers."[6] Joseph Priestly (in his "History and Present State of Electricity") declared Beccaria the "great Italian genius" who had "far surpassed everything done by French and English electricians."[7]
Life and works
Giovanni Battista Beccaria was born at Mondovì in 1716. In 1732, at the age of sixteen, he entered the religious Order of the Pious Schools or Piarists, where he studied, and afterward taught, grammar and rhetoric. At the same time, he applied himself with success to mathematics.[8] He became professor of experimental physics, first at Palermo and then at Rome. His ability as instructor being soon recognized, he was appointed by royal authority professor of physics in the University of Turin (1748). He was afterwards made tutor to the young princes de Chablais and de Carignan, and continued to reside principally at Turin during the remainder of his life. Here he ardently devoted himself to researches on atmospheric electricity, in which he made liberal use of kites, rockets, and iron wire for the purpose of exploring the electrical conditions of the atmosphere. Henley's pith-ball electroscope was his recording instrument. In broken or stormy weather, positive and negative electrification were detected; whereas in calm, serene weather "the excessive or positive was always found". The sinuous or forked character of lightning was attributed to the resistance of the air; and the rupture of the shoes of a man struck by a flash, to the "moisture of the feet flying into vapour". Beccaria confirmed the observation of Andrew Gordon that water evaporates more rapidly when electrified. He was also among the first to recognize and clearly state that the electrical charge on a conductor is confined to the surface. An experimental demonstration of this law of electrostatics was devised by Cavendish in 1775 and independently by Coulomb in 1788 and popularized in 1816 by Biot, whose name it usually bears. Beccaria adopted the two-fluid theory of Franklin as well as the views of the American philosopher on the preventive and protective functions of lightning conductors.
In May 1755 Beccaria was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of London,[9] and in 1766 he contributed a paper to the "Philosophical Transactions", in which he describes (in Latin) five of the more important of his experimental researches. In 1770 he contributed a second paper (also in Latin) in which he expounds five theorems followed by fifteen corollaries in electrostatics. In 1759, King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia employed him to measure the degree of meridian arc in Piedmont.[8]
His principal work is his treatise "Dell'elettricismo artificiale e naturale" (1753), which was translated into English in 1778.[2] Franklin considered "Dell'elettricismo" «one of the best pieces on the subject . . . in any language.»[10]
Other works are "Lettere sull'elettricismo" (1758); "Experimenta atque observationes quibus electricitas vindex late constituitur" (1769); and "Dell'elettricità terrestre atmosferica a cielo sereno" (1775), the first extended treatise on the subject of atmospheric electricity.[11]
Works
- Elettricismo artificiale (in Italian). Torino: Stamperia reale. 1772.
- Dell'elettricismo artificiale (in Italian). Vol. 1. Macerata: Antonio Cortesi. 1793.
- Gradus Taurinensis (in Latin). Torino: Stamperia reale. 1774.
- Della elettricità terrestre atmosferica a cielo sereno (in Italian). Torino. 1775.
- Lettere di un Italiano ad un Parigino intorno alle riflessioni del sig. Cassini de Thury sul grado torinese (in Italian). Firenze: Gaetano Cambiagi. 1777.
- Dell'elettricismo terrestre e atmosferico (in Italian). Vol. 2. Macerata: Antonio Cortesi. 1793.
Notes
- Herbermann 1913.
- Chisholm 1911.
- Pace 1952, p. 406.
- Cerruti, Luigi. “Dante's Bones: Geography and History of Italian Science, 1748–1870”, in Kostas Gavroglu (ed.), Sciences in the European Periphery During the Enlightenment (Dodrecht: Kluwer, 1999), p. 111.
- Heilbron, J. L. (2022). Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries. A Study of Early Modern Physics. University of California Press. p. 370. ISBN 9780520334595.
- Benjamin Franklin to Cadwallader Colden, 30 August 1754. In L.W. Labaree (ed.). Papers of B. Franklin. Vol. V. New Haven-London: Yale University Press, 1961, p. 428.
- Pace 1965.
- Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). . Encyclopedia Americana.
- "DServe Archive Persons Show". Royal Society. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- Benjamin Franklin to Thomas-François Dalibard, 29 June 1755 in Benjamin Franklin, Expériences et Observations sur l’Electricité faites à Philadelphie en Amérique, Thomas-François Dalibard, trans. (2d edit., 2 vols., Paris, 1756), II, 307–19 (online).
- Good, Gregory (2003). "Atmospheric Electricity". In J. L. Heilbron (ed.). Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 67–68.
References
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Beccaria, Giovanni Battista". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 602.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Giovanni Battista Beccaria". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.- Pace, A. (1952). "The Manuscripts of Giambatista Beccaria, Correspondent of Benjamin Franklin". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 96 (4): 406–416. JSTOR 3143797.
- Heilbron, John L. (1970). "Beccaria, Giambatista". In C. C. Gillispie (ed.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 546–549. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
- Pace, Antonio (1965). "BECCARIA, Giambatista". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 7: Bartolucci–Bellotto (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.