Glob (visual system)

Globs are millimeter-sized color modules found beyond the visual area V2 in the brain's color processing ventral (also known as parvocellular) pathway. They are scattered throughout the posterior inferior temporal cortex in an area called the V4 complex. They are clustered by color preference, and organized as color columns. They are the first part of the brain in which color is processed in terms of the full range of hues found in color space.[1][2]

The term "glob" was proposed by Bevil Conway and Doris Tsao[3][1] on an analogy with the cytochrome-oxidase blobs of V1, an earlier stage in the hierarchical elaboration of color.[4] This also distinguishes them from other types of modules found elsewhere in the cerebral cortex such as face patches, and inferior temporal feature columns.[3][1]

Properties

Globs are found in the V4 complex, an area in the inferior temporal cortex, forward of area V3, that includes areas V4, the dorsal part of the posterior inferior temporal cortex and the rear part of the inferior temporal near the occipital lobe called TEO. Their neurons are not restricted to a single color preference. Neurons in adjacent glob cells have similar color tuning and form clusters that are arranged spatially within the cortex.[1] In between them are ‘‘interglob’’ areas that were not color sensitive but respond to shape.[3]

The color-tuned neurons are arranged in color columns that are of a finer scale than single globs. These columns are between 50 and 100 μm in size. Color preferences of neurons recorded sequentially along given columns are arranged according to a chromotopic map that reflects perceptual color space.[1]

They are studied using functional MRI[3] and single-unit recording.[1]

Color perception
Main article: Color vision

Three types of retinal cone create signals that get transformed in the visual pathway to create the perception of color.[1][5] However the neurons processing them in the retina, lateral geniculate nucleus, and V1 and V2 early parts of the visual cortex encode using the opponent process only a limited range of colors that does not reflect the dimensions of perceptual color space.[6] It is only the next area where globs are found that along the visual processing hierarchy, show hue sensitivity, with the population of neurons representing most (if not all) of perceptual color space and which the color responses of neurons correspond to perception.[1][3]

References
  1. Conway BR, Tsao DY (2009). "Color-tuned neurons are spatially clustered according to color preference within alert macaque posterior inferior temporal cortex". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106 (42): 18035–18039. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10618034C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810943106. PMC 2764907. PMID 19805195.
  2. Bohon, Hermann, Conway (2016). "Representation of perceptual color space in macaque posterior inferior temporal cortex (the V4 Complex)". eNeuro. 3 (4): ENEURO.0039–16.2016. doi:10.1523/ENEURO.0039-16.2016. PMC 5002982. PMID 27595132.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. Conway BR, Moeller S, Tsao DY (2007). "Specialized color modules in macaque extrastriate cortex" (PDF). Neuron. 56 (3): 560–73. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.008. PMC 8162777. PMID 17988638. S2CID 11724926.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. Livingstone MS, Hubel DH (1984). "Anatomy and physiology of a color system in the primate visual cortex". J Neurosci. 4 (1): 309–56. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.04-01-00309.1984. PMC 6564760. PMID 6198495.
  5. Conway BR (2009). "Color vision, cones, and color-coding in the cortex". Neuroscientist. 15 (3): 274–90. doi:10.1177/1073858408331369. PMID 19436076. S2CID 9873100.
  6. Conway BR (2001). "Spatial structure of cone inputs to color cells in alert macaque primary visual cortex (V-1)". J Neurosci. 21 (8): 2768–83. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-08-02768.2001. PMC 6762533. PMID 11306629.
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