Global Oscillations Network Group

Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG)
	Map of GONG stations
Alternative names	Global Oscillation Network Group
Location(s)	Spain, Australia, United States of America, India, Chile
Coordinates	gong.nso.edu/sites/lat_long_elv.html
Organization	NSO Integrated Synoptic Program (NISP)
Built	1995
Telescope style	solar observatory
Website	gong.nso.edu
	Related media on Commons

The Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) is a worldwide network of six identical telescopes, designed to have 24/7 observations of the Sun.[1] The network serves multiple purposes, including the provision of operation data for use in space weather prediction,[2] and the study of solar internal structure and dynamics using helioseismology.

Deployed in 1995, GONG is a set of six observing systems geographically distributed around the Earth so that the Sun can be observed as continuously as possible. The six observatories are the Teide Observatory (Canary Islands), the Learmonth Solar Observatory (Western Australia), the Big Bear Solar Observatory (California), the Mauna Loa Observatory (Hawaii), the Udaipur Solar Observatory (India) and the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (Chile). With these sites, GONG typically can observe the Sun 91% of the time, 24/7.[3] GONG was constructed to provide observations for helioseismology, which aims to understand the solar interior by analyzing the sound waves that are trapped in it. In 2001, the original GONG detectors were upgraded to 1000 x 1000 pixels and continuous magnetograms were implemented, and the new system is known as GONG++. While GONG still provides helioseismology data, it now also provides full-disk solar magnetic field maps (magnetograms) every minute and full-disk images of the Sun in the wavelength of the Hydrogen–α (Hα) spectral line every 20 seconds. These data products are used for research into the solar magnetic field and chromosphere but are also essential inputs into forecasts of space weather. The NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC), the US Airforce 557th Weather Wing, and the NASA Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC) all use GONG data to predict space weather conditions.

The GONG Project is managed by the National Solar Observatory's Integrated Synoptic Program (NISP), which is operated by AURA, Inc. under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. GONG has been in operation since 1995 and is aging rapidly. To replace it, NSO is proposing to design and build a next-generation Ground-based solar Observing Network, provisionally named ngGONG.[4]

GONG Gallery

GONG shelter in Learmonth, Australia
GONG shelter at Mauna Loa, Hawai'i
GONG at Big Bear Solar Observatory, California

External links

GONG info at the National Solar Observatory site

Harvey, J. W.; Hill, F.; Hubbard, R. P.; Kennedy, J. R.; Leibacher, J. W.; Pintar, J. A.; Gilman, P. A.; Noyes, R. W.; Title, A. M.; Toomre, J.; Ulrich, R. K.; Bhatnagar, A.; Kennewell, J. A.; Marquette, W.; Patrón, J.; Saá, O.; Yasukawa, E. (31 May 1996). "The Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) Project". Science. 272 (5266): 1284–1286. doi:10.1126/science.272.5266.1284.
Hill, Frank (October 2018). "The Global Oscillation Network Group Facility—An Example of Research to Operations in Space Weather". Space Weather. 16 (10): 1488–1497. doi:10.1029/2018SW002001.
Jain, Kiran; Tripathy, Sushanta C.; Hill, Frank; Pevtsov, Alexei A. (2021-10-01). "Continuous Solar Observations from the Ground—Assessing Duty Cycle from GONG Observations". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 133 (1028): 105001. arXiv:2110.06319. Bibcode:2021PASP..133j5001J. doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ac24d5. ISSN 0004-6280. S2CID 238362018.
Pevtsov, Alexei A.; Martinez-Pillet, V.; Gilbert, H.; de Wijn, A. G.; Roth, M.; Gosain, S.; Upton, L. A.; Katsukawa, Y.; Burkepile, J.; Zhang, Jie; Reardon, K. P.; Bertello, L.; Jain, K.; Tripathy, S. C.; Leka, K. D. (2022-11-12). "Helio2024 Science White Paper: ngGONG -- Future Ground-based Facilities for Research in Heliophysics and Space Weather Operational Forecast". arXiv:2211.06712 [astro-ph.IM].

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[1] Harvey, J. W.; Hill, F.; Hubbard, R. P.; Kennedy, J. R.; Leibacher, J. W.; Pintar, J. A.; Gilman, P. A.; Noyes, R. W.; Title, A. M.; Toomre, J.; Ulrich, R. K.; Bhatnagar, A.; Kennewell, J. A.; Marquette, W.; Patrón, J.; Saá, O.; Yasukawa, E. (31 May 1996). "The Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) Project". Science. 272 (5266): 1284–1286. doi:10.1126/science.272.5266.1284.

[2] Hill, Frank (October 2018). "The Global Oscillation Network Group Facility—An Example of Research to Operations in Space Weather". Space Weather. 16 (10): 1488–1497. doi:10.1029/2018SW002001.

[3] Jain, Kiran; Tripathy, Sushanta C.; Hill, Frank; Pevtsov, Alexei A. (2021-10-01). "Continuous Solar Observations from the Ground—Assessing Duty Cycle from GONG Observations". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 133 (1028): 105001. arXiv:2110.06319. Bibcode:2021PASP..133j5001J. doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ac24d5. ISSN 0004-6280. S2CID 238362018.

[4] Pevtsov, Alexei A.; Martinez-Pillet, V.; Gilbert, H.; de Wijn, A. G.; Roth, M.; Gosain, S.; Upton, L. A.; Katsukawa, Y.; Burkepile, J.; Zhang, Jie; Reardon, K. P.; Bertello, L.; Jain, K.; Tripathy, S. C.; Leka, K. D. (2022-11-12). "Helio2024 Science White Paper: ngGONG -- Future Ground-based Facilities for Research in Heliophysics and Space Weather Operational Forecast". arXiv:2211.06712 [astro-ph.IM].