Glossostigma cleistanthum

Mudmat is a freshwater aquatic species that grows on muddy substrate in the littoral zone.[1] Mudmat prefers to grow in the littoral zone which is the area close to the shore in a lake, sea, or river.[2] It prefers oligotrophic conditions (high water clarity and low nutrients).[1] It can be both submerged and emersed. When submerged, it produces cleistogamous, or self-pollinating, flowers and when emersed, produces chasmogamous, or open petal, flowers that require cross-pollination.[3] Emersed portions of the plant are annuals and will die in the winter whereas submerged portions of the plant are perennials and stay green throughout the winter and continue to produce flowers and grow.[3]

Mudmat is considered an invasive species outside of its native range. Mudmat is currently causing problems in Rhode Island, New Jersey, and Eastern Pennsylvania, with the earliest record of Mudmat in North America being in 1992 in Hamburg Cove, CT.[4] There is concern for it as an invasive species since it is occurring in areas with species listed as endangered in Connecticut and/or New Jersey.[3] Some of these species include: Eriocaulon parkeri, Crassula aquatica, Lilaeopsis chinensis, Limosella subulata, Myriophyllum tenellum and Heteranthera multiflora.[3] It grows quickly and due to its small size is not expected to interfere with recreational boating or other forms of recreational lake use. In some areas it can reach densities as large as 25,000 plants per square meter.[2] Although it is unclear how G. cleistanthum was originally introduced to the United States, one possibility is that it was introduced along with aquarium plants.[3] Subsequent dispersal is expected to be due to migrating waterfowl, watersheds, boating and fishing activities.[1]