Golden spiral

Approximate and true golden spirals: the green spiral is made from quarter-circles tangent to the interior of each square, while the red spiral is a golden spiral, a special type of logarithmic spiral. Overlapping portions appear yellow. The length of the side of a larger square to the next smaller square is in the golden ratio. For a square with side length 1, the next smaller square is 1/φ wide. The next width is 1/φ², then 1/φ³, and so on.

There are several comparable spirals that approximate, but do not exactly equal, a golden spiral.[2]

For example, a golden spiral can be approximated by first starting with a rectangle for which the ratio between its length and width is the golden ratio. This rectangle can then be partitioned into a square and a similar rectangle and this rectangle can then be split in the same way. After continuing this process for an arbitrary number of steps, the result will be an almost complete partitioning of the rectangle into squares. The corners of these squares can be connected by quarter-circles. The result, though not a true logarithmic spiral, closely approximates a golden spiral.[2]

Another approximation is a Fibonacci spiral, which is constructed slightly differently. A Fibonacci spiral starts with a rectangle partitioned into 2 squares. In each step, a square the length of the rectangle's longest side is added to the rectangle. Since the ratio between consecutive Fibonacci numbers approaches the golden ratio as the Fibonacci numbers approach infinity, so too does this spiral get more similar to the previous approximation the more squares are added, as illustrated by the image.

Approximate logarithmic spirals can occur in nature, for example the arms of spiral galaxies[3] – golden spirals are one special case of these logarithmic spirals, although there is no evidence that there is any general tendency towards this case appearing. Phyllotaxis is connected with the golden ratio because it involves successive leaves or petals being separated by the golden angle; it also results in the emergence of spirals, although again none of them are (necessarily) golden spirals. It is sometimes stated that spiral galaxies and nautilus shells get wider in the pattern of a golden spiral, and hence are related to both φ and the Fibonacci series.[4] In truth, many mollusk shells including nautilus shells exhibit logarithmic spiral growth, but at a variety of angles usually distinctly different from that of the golden spiral.[5][6][7] This pattern allows the organism to grow without changing shape. Although spiral galaxies have often been modeled as logarithmic spirals, Archimedean spirals, or hyperbolic spirals, their pitch angles vary with distance from the galactic center, unlike logarithmic spirals (for which this angle does not vary), and also at variance with the other mathematical spirals used to model them.[8]

A Fibonacci spiral approximates the golden spiral using quarter-circle arcs inscribed in squares derived from the Fibonacci sequence.

A golden spiral with initial radius 1 is the locus of points of polar coordinates ${\displaystyle (r,\theta )}$ satisfying

$${\displaystyle r=\varphi ^{2\theta /\pi },}$$

where ${\displaystyle \varphi }$ is the Golden Ratio.

The polar equation for a golden spiral is the same as for other logarithmic spirals, but with a special value of the growth factor b:[9]

$${\displaystyle r=ae^{b\theta }}$$

or

$${\displaystyle \theta ={\frac {1}{b}}\ln(r/a),}$$

with e being the base of natural logarithms, a being the initial radius of the spiral, and b such that when θ is a right angle (a quarter turn in either direction):

$${\displaystyle e^{b\theta _{\mathrm {right} }}=\varphi .}$$

Therefore, b is given by

$${\displaystyle b={\ln {\varphi } \over \theta _{\mathrm {right} }}.}$$

The Lucas spiral approximates the golden spiral when its terms are large but not when they are small. 10 terms, from 2 to 76, are included.

The numerical value of b depends on whether the right angle is measured as 90 degrees or as ${\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {\pi }{2}}}$ radians; and since the angle can be in either direction, it is easiest to write the formula for the absolute value of b (that is, b can also be the negative of this value):

$${\displaystyle |b|={\ln {\varphi } \over 90}\doteq 0.0053468}$$

for θ in degrees, or

$${\displaystyle |b|={\ln {\varphi } \over \pi /2}\doteq 0.3063489}$$

for θ in radians.[10]

An alternate formula for a logarithmic and golden spiral is[11]

$${\displaystyle r=ac^{\theta }}$$

where the constant c is given by

$${\displaystyle c=e^{b}}$$

which for the golden spiral gives c values of

$${\displaystyle c=\varphi ^{\frac {1}{90}}\doteq 1.0053611}$$

if θ is measured in degrees, and

$${\displaystyle c=\varphi ^{\frac {2}{\pi }}\doteq 1.358456}$$

if θ is measured in radians.[12]

With respect to logarithmic spirals the golden spiral has the distinguishing property that for four collinear spiral points A, B, C, D belonging to arguments θ, θ + π, θ + 2π, θ + 3π the point C is the projective harmonic conjugate of B with respect to A, D, i.e. the cross ratio (A,D;B,C) has the singular value −1. The golden spiral is the only logarithmic spiral with (A,D;B,C) = (A,D;C,B).

Polar slope

Definition of slope angle and sector

In the polar equation for a logarithmic spiral:

$${\displaystyle r=ae^{b\theta }}$$

the parameter b is related to the polar slope angle ${\displaystyle \alpha }$:

$${\displaystyle \tan \alpha =b.}$$

In a golden spiral, being ${\displaystyle b}$ constant and equal to ${\displaystyle |b|={\ln {\varphi } \over \pi /2}}$ (for θ in radians, as defined above), the slope angle ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ is

$${\displaystyle \alpha =\arctan(|b|)=\arctan \left({\ln {\varphi } \over \pi /2}\right),}$$

hence

$${\displaystyle \alpha \doteq 17.03239113}$$

if measured in degrees, or

$${\displaystyle \alpha \doteq 0.2972713047}$$

if measured in radians.[13]

Its complementary angle

$${\displaystyle \beta =\pi /2-\alpha \doteq 1.273525022}$$

in radians, or

$${\displaystyle \beta =90-\alpha \doteq 73}$$

in degrees, is the angle the golden spiral arms make with a line from the center of the spiral.

• Fibonacci number
• Golden angle
• Golden ratio
• Golden rectangle
• List of spirals
• Logarithmic spiral