Goli Otok

Goli Otok labor camp and prison
labor camp
The abandoned prison on Goli Otok
Location of Goli Otok labor camp and prison within Croatia
Location	Goli Otok, Croatia
Operated by	Yugoslavia  Socialist Republic of Croatia
Operational	1949 to 1956 (for political prisoners) and until December 30, 1988 as a normal prison
Inmates	Stalinists, anti-Titoist dissidents and anti-communists
Notable inmates	See List of notable prisoners section

Despite having long been an occasional grazing ground for local shepherds' flocks, the barren island was apparently never permanently settled other than by the prisoners during the 20th century.[6] Throughout World War I, Austria-Hungary sent Russian prisoners of war from the Eastern Front to Goli Otok.[6]

In 1949, the entire island was officially made into a high-security, top secret prison and labor camp run by the authorities of the People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,[6] together with the nearby Sveti Grgur island, which held a similar camp for female prisoners. Until 1956, following the Tito–Stalin split and throughout the Informbiro period, it was used to incarcerate political prisoners. These included known and alleged Stalinists, but also other Communist Party of Yugoslavia members or even non-party citizens accused of exhibiting sympathy or leanings towards the Soviet Union.

Many anti-communists (Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian, Albanian and other nationalists etc.) were also incarcerated on Goli Otok. Non-political prisoners were also sent to the island to serve out simple criminal sentences[7][8] and some of them were sentenced to death. A total of approximately 16,000[9][10] political prisoners served there, of which between 400[11] and 600[5][12] died on the island. Other sources, largely based on various individual statements, claim almost 4,000 prisoners died in the camp.[13][14][15]

The prison inmates were forced to labor (in a stone quarry, pottery and joinery), without regard to the weather conditions: in the summer the temperature would rise as high as 40 °C (104 °F), while in the winter they were subjected to the chilling bora wind and freezing temperatures.[16] The prison was entirely inmate-run, and its hierarchical system forced the convicts into beating, humiliating, denouncing and shunning each other. Those who cooperated could hope to rise up the hierarchy and receive better treatment.[17][18]

After Yugoslavia normalized relations with the Soviet Union, Goli Otok prison passed to the provincial jurisdiction of the People's Republic of Croatia (as opposed to the Yugoslav federal authorities). Regardless, the prison remained a taboo topic in Yugoslavia until the early 1980s.[19] Antonije Isaković wrote the novel Tren (Moment) about the prison in 1979, waiting until after Josip Broz Tito's death in 1980 to release it. The book became an instant bestseller.[20]

The prison was shut down on 30 December 1988[21] and completely abandoned in 1989.[6] Since then it has been left to ruin.[5] It has since become a tourist attraction and is populated by shepherds from Rab. Former Croatian prisoners are organized into the Association of Former Political Prisoners of Goli Otok.[22] In Serbia, they are organized into the Society of Goli Otok.[23]

Notable prisoners

Map of Goli Otok

• Šaban Bajramović, Serbian Romani musician[24]
• Panko Brashnarov, Macedonian politician[25]
• Vlado Dapčević, Yugoslav Montenegrin communist revolutionary and partisan[26]
• Adem Demaçi, Kosovo Albanian politician and author[27]
• Teki Dervishi, Albanian writer[27]
• Vlado Dijak, Yugoslav Bosnian Serb writer and partisan[28]
• Alija Izetbegović, later president of Bosnia and Herzegovina[27]
• Nikola Kljusev, former Prime Minister of Macedonia[29]
• Tine Logar, Slovenian linguist[30]
• Venko Markovski, Macedonian writer[6]
• Dragoljub Mićunović, Serbian partisan, sociologist, and politician[31]
• Dragoslav Mihailović, Serbian writer[32]
• Alfred Pal, Croatian painter and graphic designer[33]
• Dobroslav Paraga, Croatian politician[21]

• Aleksandar Popović, Serbian writer[34]

• Igor Torkar, Slovenian writer[6]
• Vlasta Velisavljević, Serbian actor[35]
• Ante Zemljar, Croatian partisan and writer[36]
• Savo Zlatić, Croatian physician and politician[37]
• Vitomil Zupan, Slovenian writer[6]

Goli Otok and its neighboring islands

Graffiti saying "It's over!"

• 1981: Noč do jutra (Night till Morning Comes) ‒ novel by Slovenian author Branko Hofman[6]
• 1981: Herezia e Dervish Mallutes - allegorical novel by Kosovar author Teki Dervishi
• 1982: Tren 2 - novel by Antonije Isaković
• 1984: Umiranje na obroke (Dying by Installments) ‒ autobiographical book by Slovenian author Igor Torkar, about Goli Otok prison conditions
• 1984: Goli Otok: The Island of Death ‒ non-fiction book by Bulgarian/Macedonian author Venko Markovski, detailing a history of Goli Otok prison
• 1990: Goli Otok by Dragoslav Mihailović
• 1993: Lov na stenice by Dragoslav Mihailović
• 1996: Goli Otok: stratište duha ‒ non-fiction book by Croatian author Mihovil Horvat, containing the events of his arrest and imprisonment during Informbiro period
• 1997: Goli Otok: Italiani nel Gulag di Tito ‒ historical report by Italian-Croatian author Giacomo Scotti[14]
• 1997: Zlotvori – novel by Dragoslav Mihailović
• 1997: Tito's Hawaii ‒ novel by author using the pen-name Rade Panic (name taken from a political victim of the same name whose wife was interred on the island; not his actual name) [38]
• 2005: Razglednica s ljetovanja ‒ autobiographical short novel by the Croatian author Dubravka Ugrešić; published in the Belgrade literary review REČ časopis za književnost i kulturu, i društvena pitanja, br. 74/20, 2006, and in the book Nikog nema doma, ed. devedeset stupnjeva, Zagreb 2005. Italian translation Cartolina Estiva by Luka Zanoni Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso, 2008[39]
• 2010: Island of the World - novel by Canadian author, Michael D. O'Brien.
• 2019: Life Plays with Me (Published in North America as More Than I Love My Life) - novel by Israeli writer David Grossman. One of the main characters, Vera, was interned as a political prisoner in Goli Otok before immigrating to Israel.

Square of Goli Otok victims in Danilovgrad, Montenegro, pictured 2022.

• 1996: The Seventh Chronicle (Sedma kronika) – Croatian feature film about a Goli Otok inmate who escapes by swimming to the island of Rab, based on a novel by Grgo Gamulin[40]
• 2002: Eva ‒ documentary film told in German, Hebrew and English recounting the experiences of Eva Panić-Nahir, a former prisoner of the island; produced/directed by Avner Faingulernt[41]
• 2009: Strahota - Die Geschichte der Gefängnisinsel Goli Otok ‒ German-language documentary film with 8 former prisoners; produced/directed by Reinhard Grabher[42]
• 2012: Goli Otok ‒ documentary film directed by Darko Bavoljak[43]
• 2013: Lost Survivors ‒ Travel Channel reality TV survival series episode entitled "Prison Island"[44]
• 2014: Goli – documentary film directed by Tiha K. Gudac[45]
• 2014: In the Name of the People ‒ exhibition in Belgrade; with an alphabetical list of 16,500 names of people who were jailed at the Goli Otok available for online search on their website
• 2019: Mysteries of the Abandoned ‒ Season 4 Episode 9 "Haunting on Plague Island" [46]

• Previšić, Martin (2014). Povijest informbiroovskog logora na Golom otoku 1949. –1956 [History of the Goli Otok Cominformist Prison Camp 1949. – 1956.] (PDF) (in Croatian). Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
• Previšić, Martin (February 2015). "Broj kažnjenika na Golom otoku i drugim logorima za informbirovce u vrijeme sukoba sa SSSR-om (1948.-1956.)" [The Number of Convicts on Goli Otok and other Internment Camps during the Informbiro period (1948 – 1956)] (PDF). Historijski zbornik (in Croatian). 66 (1): 173–193. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
• Segel, Harold B., ed. (2012). The Walls Behind the Curtain: East European Prison Literature, 1945-1990. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 9780822978022.

• Ekohistorijski aspekti proučavanja logora na Golom otoku 1949.-1956.
• https://www.lopar.com/hrv/turisticka_ponuda/izleti/goli_otok.php
• Antić, Ana (1 September 2016). "The Pedagogy of Workers' Self-Management: Terror, Therapy, and Reform Communism in Yugoslavia after the Tito-Stalin Split". Journal of Social History. 50 (1): 179–203. doi:10.1093/jsh/shw013.
• Previšić, Martin (2019). Povijest Golog otoka (in Croatian). Fraktura. ISBN 978-953266988-6.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Goli otok.

• www.goli-otok.hr
• www.goli-otok.com
• Comparative criminology | Europe - Yugoslavia
• Goli Otok: Hell in the Adriatic is the true story of Josip Zoretic's tragic experience and survival as a political prisoner of the former Yugoslavia's most notorious prison, Goli Otok, and the circumstances that led to his imprisonment

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