George Cornelius Gorham
George Cornelius Gorham (1787–1857) was a priest in the Church of England. His legal recourse to being denied a certain post, decided subsequently by a secular court, caused great controversy.
George Cornelius Gorham | |
|---|---|
 Gorham in 1850 | |
| Born | 21 August 1787 St Neots, England |
| Died | 19 June 1857 (aged 69) Brampford Speke, England |
| Alma mater | Queens' College, Cambridge |
| Known for | Being denied an ecclesiastical preferment due to his opinions concerning baptismal regeneration |
| Religion | Christianity (Anglican) |
| Church | Church of England |
| Ordained |
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Offices held |
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Early life
George Cornelius Gorham was born on 21 August 1787 in St Neots, Huntingdonshire, to Mary (née Greame) and George James Gorham.[1] He entered Queens' College, Cambridge, in 1805, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree as third wrangler and Smith's prizeman in 1809.[2]
He was ordained as a deacon on 10 March 1811,[2] despite the misgivings of the Bishop of Ely, Thomas Dampier, who found Gorham's opinions at odds with Anglican doctrine.[3] Gorham's views on baptism had caused comment, particularly his contention that by baptism infants do not become members of Christ and the children of God.[4] After being ordained as a priest on 23 February 1812[2] and serving as a curate in several parishes, he was instituted as vicar of St Just in Penwith by Henry Phillpotts, Bishop of Exeter, in 1846.[5]
Controversy
In 1847 Gorham was presented by the Earl of Cottenham, the Lord Chancellor, to the vicarage of Brampford Speke, a parish in a small Devon village near Exeter,[6] which has a parish church dedicated to Saint Peter.[7] Upon examining him, Bishop Henry Phillpotts took exception to Gorham's view that baptismal regeneration was conditional and dependent upon a later personal adoption of promises made. The bishop argued that Gorham's Calvinistic view of baptism made him unsuitable for the post.[8] Gorham appealed to the ecclesiastical Court of Arches to compel the bishop to institute him but the court confirmed the bishop's decision and awarded costs against Gorham.[9]
Gorham then appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, which caused great controversy about whether a secular court should decide the doctrine of the Church of England.[10] The ecclesiastical lawyer Edward Lowth Badeley, a member of the Oxford Movement, appeared before the committee to argue the bishop's cause, but the committee (Knight Bruce, V-C dissenting)[11] [12] eventually reversed the bishop's and the Arches' decision on 9 March 1850 and granted Gorham his institution.[13]
Phillpotts repudiated the judgment and threatened to excommunicate the archbishop of Canterbury and anyone who dared to institute Gorham.[14] Fourteen prominent Anglicans, including Badeley and Henry Edward Manning, requested that the Church of England repudiate the opinion that the Privy Council had expressed concerning baptism.[15] As there was not any response from the Church apart from Phillpotts' protestations, they quit the Church of England and joined the Catholic Church.
Subsequent life
Gorham himself spent the rest of his life at his post in Brampford Speke. As vicar, Gorham restored the church building, entirely rebuilding the tower, for which Phillpotts gave some money. He was an antiquary and botanist of some reputation, as well as the author of a number of pamphlets.[16] He died on 19 June 1857 in Brampford Speke.[17]
Publications
- George Cornelius Gorham, The History and Antiquities of Eynesbury and St. Neot's, in Huntingdonshire, and of St. Neot's in the county of Cornwall, 1820.
References
Citations
- Boase 1890, p. 243; Burke 1835, p. 590.
- "Gorham, George Cornelius (GRN805GC)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
- Boase 1890, p. 243.
- Gilman, Peck & Colby 1905.
- Boase 1890, p. 244.
- Boase 1890, p. 244; Eckel 1952, p. 276.
- "St Peter Church Brampford Speke". www.achurchnearyou.com. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- "Henry Phillpotts" 2016.
- Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 1850, p. 2.
- Erb 2013, p. lxxi.
- [1850] Moore's Special Report, 462.
- Brodrick, George C.; Fremantle, William H., eds. (1865). A Collection of the Judgments of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Ecclesiastical Cases Relating to Doctrine and Discipline. p. 64, at p.105.
- Eckel 1952, p. 276.
- Jordan 1998.
- Strachey 1918, pp. 56–58.
- Beeson 2002, p. 212; Gilman, Peck & Colby 1905.
- Boase 1890, p. 245.
Works cited
- Beeson, Trevor (2002). The Bishops. London: SCM Press (published 2003). ISBN 978-0-334-02916-8.
- Boase, George Clement (1890). "Gorham, George Cornelius". In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 22. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 243–245.
- Burke, John (1835). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland Enjoying Territorial Possessions or High Official Rank but Uninvested with Heritable Honours. Vol. 2. London: Henry Colburn. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- Eckel, E. H. (1952). "Review of Gorham and the Bishop of Exeter by J. C. S. Nias". Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church. 21 (2): 276–277. ISSN 0018-2486. JSTOR 42972116.
- Erb, Peter C. (2013). Introduction. The Correspondence of Henry Edward Manning and William Ewart Gladstone. By Manning, Henry Edward; Gladstone, William Ewart. Erb, Peter C. (ed.). Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. xiii–cxx. doi:10.1093/actrade/9780199577323.book.1. ISBN 978-0-19-957732-3.
- Gilman, Daniel Coit; Peck, Harry Thurston; Colby, Frank Moore, eds. (1905). . New International Encyclopedia. Vol. 9 (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 50.
- "Henry Phillpotts". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- Jordan, Andrew (1998). "George Cornelius Gorham, Clerk v Henry Phillpotts, Bishop of Exeter: A Case of Anglican Anxieties". Ecclesiastical Law Journal. 5 (23): 104–111. doi:10.1017/S0956618X00000065. ISSN 0956-618X. S2CID 144324453.
- Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (1850). Gorham v. Bishop of Exeter: The Judgment of the Judicial Committee of Privy Council, Delivered March 8, 1850, Reversing the Decision of Sir H. J. Fust. London: Seeleys. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- Strachey, Lytton (1918). Eminent Victorians. Garden City, New York: Garden City Publishing Co. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
Further reading
- Gilman, Daniel Coit; Peck, Harry Thurston; Colby, Frank Moore, eds. (1905). . New International Encyclopedia. Vol. 9 (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. pp. 50–51.
- Keble, John (2003) [1868]. Village Sermons on the Baptismal Service. Project Canterbury. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
- Liddon, Henry Parry (1898). Life of Edward Bouverie Pusey. Vol. 3 (4th ed.). London: Longmans, Green, and Co. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
- Nias, J. C. S. (1951). Gorham and the Bishop of Exeter. London: SPCK.
- Phillpotts, Henry (1850). A Letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury from the Bishop of Exeter. New York: Pudney & Russell. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
- Wolffe, John (2004). "Gorham, George Cornelius (1787–1857)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11099.
- Wood, James, ed. (1907). . The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London: Frederick Warne.
External links
- Documents connected with the Gorham Controversy from Project Canterbury
- George C. Gorham letter, 1856 at Pitts Theology Library, Candler School of Theology