Gossypiboma

Gossypiboma, textiloma or more broadly Retained Foreign Object (RFO) is the technical term for surgical complications resulting from foreign materials, such as a surgical sponge, accidentally left inside a patient's body.

Mini-laparotomy revealed gossypiboma (grasped by the clamp).
Surgical specimen (gossypiboma).

Etymology

Gossypiboma is derived from Latin gossypium (cotton) and Swahili "boma" (place of concealment), meaning a tumor or growth.[1] Gossypiboma describes a mass within a patient's body comprising a cotton matrix surrounded by a foreign body granuloma.[2][3]

Textiloma is derived from textile (surgical sponges have historically been made of cloth), and is used in place of gossypiboma due to the increasing use of synthetic materials in place of cotton.[2]

Incidence and clinical presentation

The actual incidence of gossypiboma is difficult to determine, possibly due to a reluctance to report occurrences arising from fear of legal repercussions, but retained surgical sponges is reported to occur once in every 3000 to 5000 abdominal operations[3] and are most frequently discovered in the abdomen.[4] The incidence of retained foreign bodies following surgery has a reported rate of 0.01% to 0.001%, of which gossypibomas make up 80% of cases.[2]

Gossypibomas can often present, clinically or radiologically, similar to tumors and abscesses, with widely variable complications and manifestations, making diagnosis difficult and causing significant patient morbidity.[4] Two major types of reaction occur in response to retained surgical foreign bodies. In the first type, an abscess may form with or without a secondary bacterial infection. The second reaction is an aseptic fibrinous response, resulting in tissue adhesions and encapsulation and eventually foreign body granuloma.[2] Symptoms may not present for long periods of time, sometimes months or years following surgery.[2]

Prevention

To prevent gossypiboma, sponges are counted by hand before and after surgeries. This method was codified into recommended guidelines in the 1970s by the Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN).[5] Four separate counts are recommended: the first when instruments and sponges are first unpackaged and set up, a second before the beginning of the surgical procedure, a third as closure begins, and a final count during final skin closure.[6] Other guidelines have been promoted by the American College of Surgeons and the Joint Commission.[7]

In most countries, surgical sponges contain radiopaque material that can be readily identified in radiographic and CT images, facilitating detection.[2] In the United States, radiopaque threads impregnated into surgical gauzes were first introduced in 1929 and were in general use by about 1940.[8] Some surgeons recommend routine postoperative X-ray films after surgery to reduce the likelihood of foreign body inclusion.[8]

See also

References
  1. Kim, H. S.; Chung, T.-S.; Suh, S. H.; Kim, S. Y. (1 April 2007). "MR Imaging Findings of Paravertebral Gossypiboma". American Journal of Neuroradiology. 28 (4): 709–713. ISSN 0195-6108. PMC 7977336. PMID 17416826.
  2. Kim HS, Chung TS, Suh SH, Kim SY (April 2007). "MR imaging findings of paravertebral gossypiboma". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 28 (4): 709–13. PMC 7977336. PMID 17416826.
  3. Kiernan F, Joyce M, Byrnes CK, O'Grady H, Keane FB, Neary P (December 2008). "Gossypiboma: a case report and review of the literature". Ir J Med Sci. 177 (4): 389–91. doi:10.1007/s11845-008-0197-0. PMID 18820991. S2CID 22153177.
  4. Manzella A, Filho PB, Albuquerque E, Farias F, Kaercher J (December 2009). "Imaging of gossypibomas: pictorial review". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 193 (6 Suppl): S94–101. doi:10.2214/AJR.07.7132. PMID 19933682.
  5. "Recommended practices for sponge, sharp, and instrument counts. AORN Recommended Practices Committee. Association of periOperative Registered Nurses". AORN J. 70 (6): 1083–9. December 1999. doi:10.1016/s0001-2092(06)62224-2. PMID 10635432.
  6. "The Retained Surgical Sponge", Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
  7. Gibbs VC, Coakley FD, Reines HD (May 2007). "Preventable errors in the operating room: retained foreign bodies after surgery--Part I". Curr Probl Surg. 44 (5): 281–337. doi:10.1067/j.cpsurg.2007.03.002. PMID 17512832.
  8. Shyung LR, Chang WH, Lin SC, Shih SC, Kao CR, Chou SY (February 2005). "Report of gossypiboma from the standpoint in medicine and law". World J. Gastroenterol. 11 (8): 1248–9. doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i8.1248. PMC 4250725. PMID 15754416.
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