Nazi concentration camp badge

• Red triangle – political prisoners: social democrats, liberals, socialists, communists, anarchists, gentiles who assisted Jews; trade unionists and Freemasons.
• Green triangle – convicts and criminals (often working as kapos).
• Blue triangle – foreign forced laborers and emigrants. This category included apatrides, Spanish refugees from Francoist Spain, whose citizenship was revoked and emigrants to countries which were occupied by Nazi Germany or were under German sphere of influence.[2]
• Purple triangle – primarily Jehovah's Witnesses (over 99%) as well as members of other small pacifist religious groups.[notes 1]
• Pink triangle – primarily homosexual men and those identified as such at the time (e.g., bisexual men, male prostitutes, trans women)[3][4][5] and sexual offenders as well as pedophiles and zoophiles.[6] Many in this group were subject to forced sterilization.[7]
• Black triangle – people who were deemed asocial elements (asozial) and work-shy (arbeitsscheu), including the following:
  • Roma and Sinti. They wore the black triangle with a Z notation (for Zigeuner, meaning Gypsy) to the right of the triangle's point. Roma were later assigned a brown triangle.[8]
  • Mentally ill and "mentally disabled". Their triangles were additionally inscribed with the word Blöd, meaning stupid.[9][10] This category included, notably, autistic people among this group. Though many others including schizophrenic and epileptic[7] people were forcibly sterilized, shot, or gassed in psychiatric institutions as opposed to at the Nazi camps.[11]
  • Alcoholics and drug addicts.
  • Vagrants and beggars.
  • Pacifists and conscription resisters.
  • Prostitutes.[12][13]
  • Lesbians.[14]
  • Other disabled people, such as people with diabetes (as "Diabetes was conceptualized as a Jewish disease not necessarily because its prevalence was high among this population, but because medicine, science, and culture reinforced each other"[15]).
• Brown triangle – Assigned to Roma later on in the Porajmos.
• Uninverted red triangle – an enemy POW (Sonderhäftling, meaning special detainee), a spy or traitor (Aktionshäftling, meaning activities detainee), or a military deserter or criminal (Wehrmachtsangehöriger, meaning Armed Forces member).

• Some period examples of the single triangle design at Nazi camps
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  Single-triangle badges in various colors visible on Sachsenhausen concentration camp detainees
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  Single-triangles visible on Sachsenhausen detainees
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  Specimen indicating a Jehovah's Witness
• 
  Red emblems of a political enemy on a Dachau detainee's clothing.^
• 
  More Sachsenhausen detainees
• 
  Black triangles visible on the trousers of Romani detainees at Dachau
• 
  United States Army photo of Austrian economist and financial specialist Benedikt Kautsky, a political prisoner, who was liberated from Buchenwald
• 
  Liberated Neuengamme survivor standing on the right has a triangle patch with a top-bar
• 
  German concentration camp badge for Polish (non-Jewish) political prisoner in Stutthof.ID 29659 – Lidia Główczewska

Double-triangle badges resembled two superimposed triangles forming a Star of David, a Jewish symbol.

• Red inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one representing a Jewish political prisoner.
• Blue inverted triangle superimposed upon a red one representing foreign forced labour and political prisoner (for example, Spanish Republicans in Mauthausen).[16]
• Green inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one representing a Jewish habitual criminal.
• Purple inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one representing a Jehovah's Witness of Jewish descent.
• Pink inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one representing a Jewish "sexual offender", typically a gay or bisexual man or trans woman.
• Black inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one representing an "asocial" or work-shy Jew.
• Voided black inverted triangle superimposed over a yellow triangle representing a Jew convicted of miscegenation and labelled as a Rassenschänder (race defiler).
• Yellow inverted triangle superimposed over a black triangle representing an "Aryan" woman convicted of miscegenation and labelled as a Rassenschänder (race defiler).

Like those who wore pink and green triangles, people in the bottom two categories would have been convicted in criminal courts.

• Some period examples of the double triangle design at Nazi camps
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  Sachsenhausen detainee with glasses in the foreground wears a two-color ID-emblem
• 
  Disabled Jews with a black triangle on a yellow triangle, meaning asocial Jews, Buchenwald, 1938.
• 
  Part of a Dachau roll call – day badges visible on detainees
• 
  Sachsenhausen detainee's red political enemy triangle atop a yellow Jew triangle (lower left)

In addition to color-coding, non-German prisoners were marked by the first letter of the German name for their home country or ethnic group. Red triangle with a letter, for example:

• B (Belgier, Belgians)
• E (Engländer, "English"; in practice used for all British)
• F (Franzosen, French)
• I (Italiener, Italians)
• J[17] (Jugoslawen, Yugoslavs)
• N (Niederländer, Dutch)
• No (Norweger, Norwegian)
• P (Polen, Poles)
• S (republikanische Spanier, Republican Spanish)
• T (Tscheche, Czechs)
• U (Ungarn, Hungarians)
• Z notation next to a black triangle (Zigeuner, Gypsy).

Polish emigrant laborers originally wore a purple diamond with a yellow backing. A letter P (for Polen) was cut out of the purple cloth to show the yellow backing beneath.

Furthermore, repeat offenders (rückfällige, meaning recidivists) would receive bars over their stars or triangles, a different colour for a different crime.

• A political prisoner would have a red bar over their star or triangle.
• A professional criminal would have a green bar.
• A foreign forced laborer would not have a blue bar (as their impressment was for the duration of the war), but might have a different coloured bar if they were drawn from another pool of inmates.
• A Jehovah's Witness would have a purple bar.
• A homosexual or sex offender would have a pink bar.
• An asocial would have a black bar.
• Roma and Sinti would usually be incarcerated in special sub-camps until they died and so would not normally receive a repeat stripe.

Later in the war (late 1944), to save cloth Jewish prisoners wore a yellow bar over a regular point-down triangle to indicate their status. For instance, regular Jews would wear a yellow bar over a red triangle while Jewish criminals would wear a yellow bar over a green triangle.

Many various markings and combinations existed. A prisoner would usually have at least two and possibly more than six.

Limited preventative custody detainee (Befristete Vorbeugungshaft Häftling, or BV) was the term for general criminals (who wore green triangles with no special marks). They originally were only supposed to be incarcerated at the camp until their term expired and then they would be released. However, when the war began they were confined indefinitely for its duration.

Erziehungshäftlinge (reformatory inmates) wore E or EH in large black letters on a white square. They were made up of intellectuals and respected community members who could organize and lead a resistance movement, suspicious persons picked up in sweeps or stopped at checkpoints, people caught performing conspiratorial activities or acts and inmates who broke work discipline. They were assigned to hard labor for six to eight weeks and were then released. It was hoped that the threat of permanent incarceration at hard labor would deter them from further action.

Polizeihäftlinge (police inmates), short for Polizeilich Sicherungsverwahrte Häftlinge (police secure custody inmates), wore either PH in large black letters on a white square or the letter S (for Sicherungsverwahrt – secure custody) on a green triangle. To save expense, some camps had them just wear their civilian clothes without markings. Records used the letter PSV (Polizeilich Sicherungsverwahrt) to designate them. They were people awaiting trial by a police court-martial or who were already convicted. They were detained in a special jail barracks until they were executed.

Some camps assigned Nacht und Nebel (night and fog) prisoners had them wear two large letters NN in yellow.

Soviet prisoners of war (russische Kriegsgefangenen) assigned to work camps (Arbeitslager) wore two large letters SU (for sowjetischer Untermensch, meaning Soviet sub-human) in yellow and had vertical stripes painted on their uniforms. They were the few who had not been shot out of hand or died of neglect from untreated wounds, exposure to the elements, or starvation before they could reach a camp. They performed hard labor. Some joined Andrey Vlasov's Liberation Army to fight for the Germans.

Labor education detainees (Arbeitserziehung Häftling) wore a white letter A on their black triangle. This stood for Arbeitsscheuer ("work-shy person"), designating stereotypically "lazy" social undesirables like Gypsies, petty criminals (e.g. prostitutes and pickpockets), alcoholics/drug addicts and vagrants. They were usually assigned to work at labor camps.

Asoziale (anti-socials) inmates wore a plain black triangle. They were considered either too "selfish" or "deviant" to contribute to society or were considered too impaired to support themselves. They were therefore considered a burden. This category included pacifists and conscription resisters, petty or habitual criminals, the mentally ill and the mentally and/or physically disabled. They were usually executed.

The Wehrmacht Strafbattalion (punishment battalion) and SS Bewährungstruppe (probation company) were military punishment units. They consisted of Wehrmacht and SS military criminals, SS personnel convicted by an Honor Court of bad conduct and civilian criminals for which military service was either the assigned punishment or a voluntary replacement of imprisonment. They wore regular uniforms, but were forbidden rank or unit insignia until they had proven themselves in combat. They wore an uninverted (point-upwards) red triangle on their upper sleeves to indicate their status. Most were used for hard labor, "special tasks" (unwanted dangerous jobs like defusing landmines or running phone cables) or were used as forlorn hopes or cannon fodder. The infamous Dirlewanger Brigade was an example of a regular unit created from such personnel.

A Strafkompanie (punishment company) was a hard labor unit in the camps. Inmates assigned to it wore a black roundel bordered white under their triangle patch.

Prisoners "suspected of [attempting to] escape" (Fluchtverdächtiger) wore a red roundel bordered white under their triangle patch. If also assigned to hard labor, they wore the red roundel under their black Strafkompanie roundel.

A prisoner-functionary (Funktionshäftling), or kapo (boss), wore a cloth brassard (their Kennzeichen, or identifying mark) to indicate their status. They served as camp guards (Lagerpolizei), barracks clerks (Blockschreiber) and the senior prisoners (ältesten, meaning elders) at the camp (lagerältester), barracks (blockältester) and room (stubenältester) levels of camp organization. They received privileges like bigger and sometimes better food rations, better quarters (or even a private room), luxuries (like tobacco or alcohol) and access to the camp's facilities (like the showers or the pool). Failure to please their captors meant demotion and loss of privileges and an almost certain death at the hands of their fellow inmates.

Detainees wearing civilian clothing (more common later in the war) instead of the striped uniforms were often marked with a prominent X on the back.[18] This made for an ersatz prisoner uniform. For permanence, such Xs were made with white oil paint, with sewn-on cloth strips, or were cut (with underlying jacket-liner fabric providing the contrasting color). Detainees would be compelled to sew their number and (if applicable) a triangle emblem onto the fronts of such X-ed clothing.[18]

• Some period examples of nationality-letter marking at Nazi camps
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  F on red triangle (French political enemy) on Buchenwald clothing of Dr. Joseph Brau^
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  F-triangle on Buchenwald clothing of Dr. Joseph Brau^
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  Specimen meaning Polish political enemy
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  Stutthof detainee 29659 – Lidia Główczewska, which showcases the letter P on a red triangle for Polish political enemy
• 
  Auschwitz detainee Ignacy Kwarta wears a red P-triangle, meaning a Polish political enemy.
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  Dutch Jews wearing a yellow star and the letter N for Niederländer at Mauthausen[19]
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  Sachsenhausen-issued red F emblem for a French political enemy
• 
  Emblems were also used on some detainee ID-cards as shown here on the Mauthausen card of Polish scientist Jerzy Kaźmirkiewicz, where a P-triangle appears.^
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  Dachau survivors toast their liberation as the man standing in center between the bottles wears a P triangle.
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  Liberated Bergen-Belsen survivor with a late war ersatz variant (left) showcasing no cloth patch, but a prominent N marked on the outer clothes

In June 2020, the re-election campaign of Donald Trump posted an advertisement on Facebook stating that "Dangerous MOBS of far-left groups are running through our streets and causing absolute mayhem" and identifying them as "ANTIFA", accompanied by a graphic of a downward-pointing red triangle. The ads appeared on the Facebook pages of Donald Trump, the Trump campaign, and Vice President Mike Pence. Many observers compared the graphic to the symbol used by the Nazis for identifying political prisoners such as communists, social democrats and socialists. Many noted the number of ads – 88 – which is associated with neo-Nazis and white supremacists.[20][21][22]

As an example of the public outcry against the use of the downward-pointing red triangle, as reported by MotherJones, the Twitter account (@jewishaction),[23] the account of Bend the Arc: Jewish Action,[24] a Progressive Jewish site stated:

"The President of the United States is campaigning for reelection using a Nazi concentration camp symbol.

Nazis used the red triangle to mark political prisoners and people who rescued Jews. Trump & the RNC are using it to smear millions of protestors.

Their masks are off. pic.twitter.com/UzmzDaRBup"[25]

Facebook removed the campaign ads with the graphic, saying that its use in this context violated their policy against "organized hate".[26][27][28][29][30][31] The Trump campaign's communications director wrote that "The red triangle is a common Antifa symbol used in an ad about Antifa." Historian Mark Bray, author of Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook, disputed this, saying that the symbol is not associated with Antifa in the United States.[32]