1976 Guatemala earthquake

The 1976 Guatemala earthquake struck on February 4 at 03:01:43 local time with a moment magnitude of 7.5. The shock was centered on the Motagua Fault, about 160 km northeast of Guatemala City at a depth of 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) near the town of Los Amates in the department of Izabal.[1]

1976 Guatemala earthquake
1976 Guatemala earthquake is located in Central America
1976 Guatemala earthquake
1976 Guatemala earthquake is located in Guatemala
1976 Guatemala earthquake
UTC time1976-02-04 09:01:46
ISC event717474
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local dateFebruary 4, 1976 (1976-02-04)
Local time03:01:43
Magnitude7.5 Mw
Depth5 kilometres (3 mi)
Epicenter15.32°N 89.10°W / 15.32; -89.10
FaultMotagua Fault
TypeStrike-slip
Areas affectedGuatemala
Max. intensityIX (Violent) [1]
Casualties23,000 fatalities, 76,000 injured

The earthquake ruptured a continuous length of 240 km along the Motagua fault and may have extended further to the east and west but was blocked by vegetation and swamps.

Cities throughout the country suffered damage, and most adobe type houses in the outlying areas of Guatemala City were destroyed. The earthquake struck during the early morning (at 3:01 am, local time) when most people were asleep. This contributed to the high death toll of 23,000. Approximately 76,000 were injured, and many thousands left homeless. Some of the areas affected went without electricity and communications for days.

The main shock was followed by thousands of aftershocks, some of the larger ones causing additional damage and loss of life.[2]

Seismic data

The quake's epicentre was located near the town of Los Amates, in the eastern part of the Motagua Fault, a left-lateral strike-slip fault that forms part of the tectonic boundary between the North American plate and the Caribbean plate.[1] Ground shaking was felt during approximately 39 seconds, and caused visible rupturing over 230 kilometres (143 mi) along the Motagua fault, while the inferred length of faulting—based on aftershock registration—was estimated at 100 cm. Average horizontal displacement along the Motagua fault was 5 kilometres (3 mi) with a maximum displacement of 300 cm.[1]

Maximum seismic intensity (MMI IX) was located in the Mixco area, some sections of Guatemala City and in Gualán. A seismic intensity of MM VI covered an area of 33,000 km2.[1] Soil liquefaction and sand boils were observed in several locations with high seismic intensity. The main quake activated secondary fault zones, including the Mixco fault, located in a densely populated area just north-west of Guatemala City.

Victims and damage

The most heavily affected area covered some 30,000 km2, with a population of 2.5 million. Some 23,000 people were reported dead and 77,000 wounded. Approximately 258,000 houses were destroyed, leaving about 1.2 million people homeless. 40% of the national hospital infrastructure was destroyed, while other health facilities also suffered substantial damage.[3]

International reaction

Immediately after the earthquake, the then president Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García invited most of the foreign ambassadors to tour the affected regions by helicopter, which prompted them to quickly ask for help in their home countries. For example, the United States of America rebuilt most of the roads, and Canada and Belgium each rebuilt a village.

Within days of the initial rupture the USGS sent a team of geologist to document the fault rupture and its effects. This team headed by George Plafker traveled the entire length of the fault by helicopter and was able to clearly trace its location. During this expedition several thousand photographs were collected including 1:10,000 aerial photographs collected by plane. In 2021 this analog data was digitized and georeferenced in order to build a database to assist in relocating the initial rupture location. During the summer of 2021 a team of geologist successfully relocated the fault rupture at 10 different locations. At the locations no evidence of post 1976 fault creep was observed.[4]

Aftershocks

Several aftershocks, ranging from 5.2 to 5.8 Mw caused additional casualties and hampered relief efforts.

Date Origin Time Coordinates Location Depth Magnitude
Feb. 04 1976 09.30.28.3 14.7°N 90.6°W / 14.7; -90.6 7 km NNE of Mixco 5 km 5.8 Mw 
Feb. 06 1976 04.11.03.3 14.6°N 91.1°W / 14.6; -91.1 6 km SSE of San Lucas Tolimán 5 km 4.8 Mw 
Feb. 06 1976 18.11.59.2 14.3°N 90.2°W / 14.3; -90.2 11 km ENE of Cuilapa 5 km 5.2 Mw 
Feb. 06 1976 18.19.17.7 14.7°N 90.6°W / 14.7; -90.6 5 km ENE of San Pedro Sacatepéquez 5 km 5.8 Mw 
Feb. 08 1976 08.13.51.9 15.7°N 88.5°W / 15.7; -88.5 13 km SE of Puerto Barrios 5 km 5.7 Mw 
Feb. 09 1976 11.44.46.7 15.3°N 89.1°W / 15.3; -89.1 30 km WSW of Morales 5 km 5.1 Mw 
Feb. 10 1976 06.17.43.0 15.0°N 89.7°W / 15.0; -89.7 18 km WNW of Zacapa 5 km 4.7 Mw 
Mar. 07 1976 02.54.05.4 14.9°N 90.9°W / 14.9; -90.9 14.5 km SW of Joyabaj 5 km 4.8 Mw 
Mar. 07 1976 03.15.40.3 14.7°N 90.5°W / 14.7; -90.5 Chinautla (9 km North of Guatemala City) 5 km 4.9 Mw 
Source: Wayerly Person, William Spence, and James W. Dewey. Main event and principal aftershocks from teleseismic data. In: Guatemalan Earthquake of February 4, 1976, A Preliminary Report.

Scenes of the earthquake's aftermath, filmed on February 6, 1976, were featured in the Italian Mondo film Savana violenta, directed by Antonio Climati and Mario Morra.

  • Society of Jesus church ruins in 1896.
    Society of Jesus church ruins in 1896.
  • Jesuit church façade, stabilized in the 21st century. Note the damage to the structure after the 1976 earthquake.
    Jesuit church façade, stabilized in the 21st century. Note the damage to the structure after the 1976 earthquake.
  • "Nuestra Señora del Carmen" Church in 1896.
    "Nuestra Señora del Carmen" Church in 1896.
  • Same church in 2010, after the 1976 earthquake.
    Same church in 2010, after the 1976 earthquake.
  • Iglesia de La Recolección in 1875. The only surviving arch was a symbol of Antigua Guatemala ruins for many years.
    Iglesia de La Recolección in 1875. The only surviving arch was a symbol of Antigua Guatemala ruins for many years.
  • La Recolección in 2005. The 1917 and 1976 earthquakes destroyed what was left of the iconic arch.
    La Recolección in 2005. The 1917 and 1976 earthquakes destroyed what was left of the iconic arch.
  • Bent rails in Gualán
    Bent rails in Gualán
  • Motagua Fault in Gualán
    Motagua Fault in Gualán
  • Patzicía destroyed
    Patzicía destroyed
  • Puente de Agua Caliente, on the road to Cobán
    Puente de Agua Caliente, on the road to Cobán

See also

Notes
  1. NOAA database
  2. Historic Earthquakes Archived 2007-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
  3. Olcese (e.a.), 1977
  4. 2021, McEnaney T., and Niemi, T.M., Building a georeferenced database for the 1976 Guatemalan Earthquake rupture of the Motagua fault system along the North American- Caribbean Plate Boundary: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 53, no. 6, https://doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021AM-370687

References
  • Bates, F.L.; Killian, C.D.; Daniel G.R. & Klein, R.E. (1979). "Emergency Food Programmes following the 1976 Guatemalan Earthquake: An Evaluation: Final Report" (PDF). Washington: USAID.
  • Bucknam, R.C.; Plafker, George; Sharp, R.V. (March 1978). "Fault movement (afterslip) following the Guatemala earthquake of February 4, 1976". Geology. 6 (3): 170–173. Bibcode:1978Geo.....6..170B. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1978)6<170:FMAFTG>2.0.CO;2.
  • Langer, C.V.; G.A. Bollinger. "Secondary faulting near the terminus of a seismogenic strike-slip fault: aftershocks of the 1976 Guatemala earthquake". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 69 (2): 427–444.
  • Matumoto, Tosimatu; Latham, Gary V. (1976). "Aftershocks of the Guatemalan earthquake of February 4, 1976". Geophysical Research Letters. 3 (10): 599–602. Bibcode:1976GeoRL...3..599M. doi:10.1029/GL003i010p00599.
  • Olcese, Orlando; Ramón Moreno & Francisco Ibarra (July 1977). "The Guatemala Earthquake Disaster of 1976: A Review of its Effects and of the contribution of the United Nations family". UNDP, Guatemala.
  • Olson, Robert A.; Richard Stuart Olson (1977). "The Guatemala earthquake of 4 February 1976: Social science observations and research suggestions" (PDF). Mass Emergencies: 69–81. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
  • Plafker, G. (1976). "Tectonic aspects of the Guatemala earthquake of 4 February 1976". Science. 193 (4259): 1201–1208. Bibcode:1976Sci...193.1201P. doi:10.1126/science.193.4259.1201. PMID 17837005.
  • Plafker, G.; M.G. Bonilla & S.B. Bonis (1976). Geologic effects in the Guatemala Earthquake of February 4, 1976, a preliminary Report. Professional Paper 1002 (Report). Washington: USGS. pp. 38–51.
  • USGS (May–June 1976). "Guatemalan Quake Culprit Fault Identified". Earthquake Information Bulletin. 8 (3).
  • Young, Christopher J.; Thorne Lay & Christopher S. Lynnes (June 1989). "Rupture of the 4 February 1976 Guatemalan earthquake". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 79 (3): 670–689.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1976 Guatemala earthquake.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.