Guava
Guava (/ˈɡwɑːvə/)[1] is a common tropical fruit cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions.[2] The common guava Psidium guajava (lemon guava, apple guava) is a small tree in the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), native to Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and northern South America.[2] The name guava is also given to some other species in the genus Psidium such as strawberry guava (Psidium cattleyanum) and to the pineapple guava, Feijoa sellowiana. In 2019, 55 million tonnes of guavas were produced worldwide, led by India with 45% of the total. Botanically, guavas are berries.
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 285 kJ (68 kcal) |
14.32 g | |
| Sugars | 8.92 g |
| Dietary fiber | 5.4 g |
0.95 g | |
2.55 g | |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Vitamin A equiv. | 4% 31 μg3% 374 μg |
| Thiamine (B1) | 6% 0.067 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 3% 0.04 mg |
| Niacin (B3) | 7% 1.084 mg |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 9% 0.451 mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 8% 0.11 mg |
| Folate (B9) | 12% 49 μg |
| Vitamin C | 275% 228.3 mg |
| Vitamin K | 2% 2.2 μg |
| Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
| Calcium | 2% 18 mg |
| Iron | 2% 0.26 mg |
| Magnesium | 6% 22 mg |
| Manganese | 5% 0.1 mg |
| Phosphorus | 6% 40 mg |
| Potassium | 9% 417 mg |
| Sodium | 0% 2 mg |
| Zinc | 2% 0.23 mg |
| Other constituents | Quantity |
| Lycopene | 5204 µg |
| |
| †Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Central | |
Types
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The most frequently eaten species, and the one often simply referred to as "the guava", is the apple guava (Psidium guayava). Guavas are typical Myrtoideae, with tough dark heavy leaves that are opposite, simple, elliptic to ovate, and 5–15 centimetres (2–6 in) long. The flowers are white, with five petals and numerous stamens. The fruits are many-seeded berries.[3]
Etymology
The term guava appears to have been in use since the mid-16th century.[4] The name derived from the Taíno,[5] a language of the Arawaks as guayabo for guava tree via the Spanish for guayaba.[4] It has been adapted in many European and Asian languages, having a similar form.[2]
Origin and distribution
Guavas originated from an area thought to extend from Mexico, Central America or northern South America throughout the Caribbean region.[2][6][7] Archaeological sites in Peru yielded evidence of guava cultivation as early as 2500 BCE.[7]
Guava was adopted as a crop in subtropical and tropical Asia, parts of the United States (from Tennessee and North Carolina, southward, as well as the west and Hawaii), tropical Africa, and Oceania.[6] Guavas were introduced to Florida, US in the 19th century[2] and are grown there as far north as Sarasota, Chipley, Waldo and Fort Pierce. However, they are a primary host of the Caribbean fruit fly and must be protected against infestation in areas of Florida where this pest is present.[8]
Guavas are cultivated in several tropical and subtropical countries.[2][6] Several species are grown commercially; apple guava and its cultivars are those most commonly traded internationally.[2] Guavas also grow in southwestern Europe, specifically the Costa del Sol on Málaga, (Spain) and Greece where guavas have been commercially grown since the middle of the 20th century and they proliferate as cultivars.[6] Mature trees of most species are fairly cold-hardy and can survive temperatures slightly colder than −4 °C (25 °F) for short periods of time, but younger plants will likely freeze to the ground.[9]
Guavas are of interest to home growers in subtropical areas as one of the few tropical fruits that can grow to fruiting size in pots indoors. When grown from seed, guava trees can bear fruit in two years, and can continue to do so for forty years.[2]
Ecology
Psidium species are eaten by the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera, mainly moths like the Ello Sphinx (Erinnyis ello), Eupseudosoma aberrans, E. involutum, and Hypercompe icasia. Mites, like Pronematus pruni and Tydeus munsteri, are known to be crop pests of the apple guava (P. guajava) and perhaps other species.[2] The bacterium Erwinia psidii causes rot diseases of the apple guava.
The fruit is cultivated and favored by humans, and many other animals such as birds consume it, readily dispersing the seeds in their droppings. In Hawaii, strawberry guava (P. littorale) has become an aggressive invasive species threatening extinction to more than 100 other plant species.[10][11] By contrast, several guava species have become rare due to habitat destruction and at least one (Jamaican guava, P. dumetorum), is already extinct.
Guava wood is used for meat smoking in Hawaii, and is used at barbecue competitions across the United States. In Cuba and Mexico, the leaves are used in barbecues.
Fruit
Guava fruits, usually 4 to 12 centimetres (1+1⁄2 to 4+1⁄2 in) long, are round or oval depending on the species.[2] They have a pronounced and typical fragrance, similar to lemon rind but less sharp. The outer skin may be rough, often with a bitter taste, or soft and sweet. Varying between species, the skin can be any thickness, is usually green before maturity, but may be yellow, maroon, or green when ripe. The pulp inside may be sweet or sour and off-white ("white" guavas) to deep pink ("red" guavas). The seeds in the central pulp vary in number and hardness, depending on species.[2]
| Guava production – 2019 | |
|---|---|
| Country | Production (millions of tonnes) |
21.8 | |
4.8 | |
3.8 | |
3.1 | |
2.3 | |
2.1 | |
World | 55.4 |
| Source: Tridge Global Trade Platform (from FAOSTAT)[12] | |
Production
In 2019, world production of guavas was 55 million tonnes, led by India with 45% of the total (table). Other major producers were China and Thailand.[12]
Uses
Culinary
In Mexico and other Latin American countries, the popular beverage agua fresca is often made with guava. The entire fruit is a key ingredient in punch, and the juice is often used in culinary sauces (hot or cold), ales, candies, dried snacks, fruit bars, and desserts, or dipped in chamoy. Pulque de guayaba ("guayaba" is Spanish for guava) is a popular alcoholic beverage in these regions.
In many countries, guava is eaten raw, typically cut into quarters or eaten like an apple; it is also eaten with a pinch of salt and pepper, cayenne powder or a mix of spices (masala). In the Philippines, ripe guava is used in cooking sinigang. Guava is a popular snack in Cuba as pastelitos de guayaba; and in Taiwan, sold on many street corners and night markets during hot weather, accompanied by packets of dried plum powder mixed with sugar and salt for dipping. In east Asia, guava is commonly eaten with sweet and sour dried plum powder mixtures. Guava juice is popular in many countries. The fruit is also often included in fruit salads.
Because of its high level of pectin, guavas are extensively used to make candies, preserves, jellies, jams, and marmalades (such as Brazilian goiabada and Colombian and Venezuelan bocadillo), and as a marmalade jam served on toast.[2]
Red guavas can be used as the base of salted products such as sauces, substituting for tomatoes, especially to minimize the acidity. A drink may be made from an infusion of guava fruits and leaves, which in Brazil is called chá-de-goiabeira, i.e., "tea" of guava tree leaves, considered medicinal.
Constituents
Nutrients
Guavas are rich in dietary fiber and vitamin C, with moderate levels of folic acid (nutrition table). Low in food energy per typical serving, and with few essential nutrients, a single common guava (P. guajava) fruit contains 257% of the Daily Value (DV) for vitamin C (table).[13] Nutrient content varies across guava cultivars. Although the strawberry guava (P. littorale var. cattleianum) has only 39% of the vitamin C in common varieties, its content in a 100 gram serving (90 mg) still provides 100% of the DV.[14]
Phytochemicals
Guava leaves contain both carotenoids and polyphenols like (+)-gallocatechin and leucocyanidin.[15] As some of these phytochemicals produce the fruit skin and flesh color, guavas that are red-orange tend to have more polyphenol and carotenoid content than yellow-green ones.
Guava seed oil
Guava seed oil, which may be used for culinary or cosmetics products, is a source of beta carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, copper, zinc and selenium, and is particularly rich in linoleic acid.[16]
The composition of fatty acids in guava seed oil is presented in the following table:
| Lauric acid | <1.5% |
| Myristic acid | <1.0% |
| Palmitic acid | 8-10% |
| Stearic acid | 5-7% |
| Oleic acid | 8-12% |
| Linoleic acid | 65-75% |
| Saturated fats, total | 14% |
| Unsaturated fats, total | 86% |
Folk medicine
Since the 1950s, guavas – particularly the leaves – have been studied for their constituents, potential biological properties and history in folk medicine.[17]
Parasites
Guavas are one of the most common hosts for fruit flies like A. suspensa, which lay their eggs in overripe or spoiled guavas. The larvae of these flies then consume the fruit until they can proceed into the pupa stage.[18] This parasitism has led to millions in economic losses for nations in Central America.[19]
Fungal pathogens, Neopestalotiopsis and Pestalotiopsis species are causal agents of guava scab in Colombia.[20]
References
- "Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- Morton JF (1987). "Guava". Fruits of Warm Climates. Purdue University. pp. 356–363. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
- Judd, WS; Campbell, CS; Kellogg, EA; Stevens, PF; Donoghue, MJ (2002). Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach. Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. 398–399. ISBN 0878934030.
- "Guava". Online Etymology Dictionary. 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
- "Guayaba". deChile.net. 2022.
- "Psidium guajava (guava)". CABI: Invasive Species Compendium. 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
- Clement, Charles R. (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 0415927463.
- Boning, Charles R. (2006). Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. p. 99. ISBN 1-56164-372-6.
- Sauls JW (December 1998). "Home fruit production – Guava". Texas A&M Horticulture Program. Retrieved 2012-04-17.
- Price J (14 June 2008). "Strawberry guava's hold has proven devastating". Honolulu Star Bulletin. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
- "Leveling the Playing Field in Hawai'i's Native Forests" (PDF). Conservation Council for Hawai‘i. 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
- "Guava production in 2018". Tridge. 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
- Nutritiondata.com. "Nutrition facts for common guava". Retrieved August 17, 2010.
- Nutritiondata.com. "Nutrition facts for strawberry guava". Retrieved August 17, 2010.
- Seshadri, TR; Vasishta, K (1965). "Polyphenols of the leaves of psidium guava—quercetin, guaijaverin, leucocyanidin and amritoside". Phytochemistry. 4 (6): 989–92. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86281-0.
- Kobori CN; Jorge N (2005). "Caracterização dos óleos de algumas sementes de frutas como aproveitamento de resíduos industriais" [Characterization of some seed oils from fruits for utilization of industrial residues] (PDF). Ciênc Agrotec (in Portuguese). 29 (5): 108–14. doi:10.1590/S1413-70542005000500014.
- de Boer, HJ; Cotingting, C (2014). "Medicinal plants for women's healthcare in southeast Asia: a meta-analysis of their traditional use, chemical constituents, and pharmacology". J Ethnopharmacol. 151 (2): 747–67. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.030. PMID 24269772.
- van Whervin, L. Walter (1974-03-01). "Some Fruitflies (Tephritidae) in Jamaica". PANS Pest Articles & News Summaries. 20 (1): 11–19. doi:10.1080/09670877409412331. ISSN 0030-7793.
- Baranowski, Richard; Glenn, Holly; Sivinski, John (1993-06-01). "Biological Control of the Caribbean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)". The Florida Entomologist. 76 (2): 245. doi:10.2307/3495721. ISSN 0015-4040. JSTOR 3495721.
- Solarte, F.; Munoz, C.G.; Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N.; Alvarez, E. (2018). "Diversity of Neopestalotiopsis and Pestalotiopsis spp., causal agents of guava scab in Colombia". Plant Disease. 102 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1094/PDIS-01-17-0068-RE.