Gunungan (wayang)

The gunungan (Javanese: ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦔꦤ꧀; "mountain"), also known as kayon or kayonan (from kayu, "wood" or "tree") in Bali, is a figure in the Indonesian theatrical performance of wayang e.g. wayang kulit, wayang klitik, wayang golek, and wayang beber.

Gunungan
A typical Javanese gunungan with a depiction of entrance in the center and a Kala head in the upper-center image
TypesTraditional puppet theatre
Ancestor artsJavanese people
Originating cultureIndonesia
Originating eraHindu - Buddhist civilisations
Wayang Puppet Theatre
The gunungan in wayang performance
CountryIndonesia
CriteriaPerforming arts, Traditional craftsmanship
Reference063
RegionAsia and the Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription2008 (3rd session)
ListRepresentative List

Wayang Kulit (the leather shadow puppet), Wayang Klithik (the flat wooden puppet), Wayang Golek (the three-dimensional wooden puppet)
Sculpture of Gunungan and people wearing lurik clothes

Gunungan is a conical or triangular structure (tapered peak) inspired by the shape of a mountain (volcano).

In wayang, gunungan are special figures in the form of pictures of mountains and its contents. Gunungan has many functions in wayang performances, therefore, there are many different depictions.

In the standard function, as the opening and closing of a performance stage, two things are depicted on two different sides. On one side, at the bottom is a picture of a gate guarded by two Rakshasa holding swords and shields. It symbolizes the palace gate, and when played the gunungan is used as a palace. At the top of the mountain is the tree of life (kalpataru) which is entangled by a dragon. On the tree branch depicted several forest animals, such as tigers, bulls, monkeys, and birds. The picture as a whole depicts the situation in the wilderness. This side symbolizes the state of the world and its contents. On the other side, a blazing fire is depicted. It symbolizes chaos and hell.

Before the puppet is played, the gunungan is stuck in the middle of the screen, leaning slightly to the right which means that the wayang play has not yet started, like a world that has not yet been told. After playing, Gunungan is removed, lined up on the right.

Gunungan is used as a sign of changing plays/story stages. For that the mountains are plugged in the middle leaning to the left. In addition, gunungan is also used to symbolize fire or wind. In this case the side of the mountain is reversed, on the other hand there is only red-red paint, and this color symbolizes fire.

Gunungan can act as land, forest, roads and others by following the dialogue of the dhalang. After the play is finished, Gunungan is plugged again in the center of the screen, symbolizing that the story is finished.

Gunungan there are two kinds, namely Gunungan Gapuran and Gunungan Blumbangan. Gunungan Blumbangan was composed by Sunan Kalijaga in the era of the Demak Kingdom. Then during the Kartasura era, it was composed again with the Gunungan Gapuran. Gunungan in puppet terms is called Kayon. Kayon comes from the word Kayun. Gunungan contains high philosophical teachings, namely the teachings of wisdom. All of this implies that the play in the wayang contains lessons of high value. This means that wayang performances also contain wayang performances that also contain high philosophical teachings.

Outside Indonesia

Malaysia

In Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia, a similar figure is set up in the local iteration of the performance known as the pohon beringin ("banyan").[1][2] The beringin is often displayed in the beginning and the end of the performance symbolizing "a world loaded with lives...in the water, on the land and in the air".[3]

  • a Javanese gunungan with closed porch and two large yakshas on the sides. The roots of the tree rise into the water. There are some animals in the tree crown, but the demon head (kala) is missing
    a Javanese gunungan with closed porch and two large yakshas on the sides. The roots of the tree rise into the water. There are some animals in the tree crown, but the demon head (kala) is missing
  • The figure of Api ("fire"), a Balinese fire demon, which has a similar form with the kayonan
    The figure of Api ("fire"), a Balinese fire demon, which has a similar form with the kayonan
  • A gunungan from a variation of wayang kulit of Lombok, with which the story of Serat Menak Sasak is told
    A gunungan from a variation of wayang kulit of Lombok, with which the story of Serat Menak Sasak is told
  • A wayang beber at the Mangkunegaran Palace in Surakarta. Typical combat scene, gunungan slightly to the right of the center
    A wayang beber at the Mangkunegaran Palace in Surakarta. Typical combat scene, gunungan slightly to the right of the center
  • Gunungan is used as the official logo for the 2022 G20 Bali Summit
    Gunungan is used as the official logo for the 2022 G20 Bali Summit
  • Gunungan as depicted in the reverse of the 1978-issue 100 rupiah coin
    Gunungan as depicted in the reverse of the 1978-issue 100 rupiah coin
  • Gunungan as the motif of Indonesia's new halal logo, adopted in 2022
    Gunungan as the motif of Indonesia's new halal logo, adopted in 2022

See also

References
  1. Kustopo (September 2020). Mengenal Kesenian Nasional 1: Wayang (in Indonesian). Alprin. p. 43. ISBN 978-623-263-487-9.
  2. Wong, Fiona, E Chiong; Ghulam-Sarwar, Yousof (Dec 2018). "The Visual Elements in The Pohon Beringin Figure of the Kelantan Shadow Play". Malaysian Journal of Performing and Visual Arts. University of Malaya Cultural Centre. 4: 63–78. doi:10.22452/MJPVA.vol4no1.4.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. "Pohon Beringin". Perbadanan Muzium Negeri Kelantan (Kelantan State Museum Board) (in Malay). Retrieved 27 February 2021.
Main sources
  • Harnish, David (2003). "Worlds of Wayang Sasak: Music, Performance, and Negotiations of Religion and Modernity". Asian Music. Köln. 34 (2).
  • Kant-Achilles, Mally; Seltmann, Friedrich; Schumacher, Rüdiger (1990). Wayang Beber. Das wiederentdeckte Bildrollen-Drama Zentral-Javas [Wayang Beber. The rediscovered scroll-drama of Central Java] (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.
  • Spitzing, Günter (1981). Das indonesische Schattenspiel. Bali – Java – Lombok [The Indonesian Shadowplay. Bali - Java - Lombok] (in German). Köln: DuMont.
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