Gymnocarpium dryopteris

Gymnocarpium dryopteris has small, delicate fronds up to 40 cm (16 inches) long, with ternately-compound pinnae (leaves). Fronds occur singly. Each petiole grows from one node on a creeping rhizome.[7] Fronds occur singly. On the underside of matured pinnae the naked sori can be found (the Latin generic name gymnocarpium means "with naked fruit").[8] The species grows in coniferous woodlands and on shale talus slopes.[2]

Despite its common name, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, a forest understory plant, is not found in association with Quercus (oak).[9][10]

In cultivation in the UK this plant and the cultivar "Plumosum"[11] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.[12][13]

Like most plant species, oak fern alternates generations, where there is a diploid generation in the form of a sporophyte (which produces spores), and is followed by a haploid generation in the form of a gametophyte (which produces gametes).[14] The sporangia are found in clusters on the underside of the leaf, called sori.[15] Each sporangium produces multiple sporocytes, with each sporocyte dividing twice, giving rise to four non-sexual spores.[15] Once the spores germinate, they form a prothallus, which develops a number of archegonia (ovaries), and antheridia (spermaries).[15] If water is present, the spermatazoids travel from the antheridia to the archegonia and the egg is fertilized when the two come into contact. An embryo then grows out of the gametophyte, producing a sporophyte.[15]

Oak fern commonly occurs in moist, shady forests, with wet soil and humid conditions.[16] Often found in drainage areas, ditches and north-facing slopes,[17] it thrives in soils that are well-drained and have a ph of 4.5-6.4.[16][17] Soil texture varies from silty, clay-loams, to sandy gravel.[18] This fern occurs at elevations of 1,700–4,500 ft (520–1,370 m) along moderately steep slopes with north, east and west aspects.[18]

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  The leaf of the fern Gymnocarpium dryopteris, showing sori (groups of sporangia).
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  Life cycle of a pteridophyte.
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  Gymnocarpium dryopteris shown in the middle of the image, surrounded by sword ferns (Polystichum munitum).