HLX-1

Hyper-Luminous X-ray source 1, commonly known as HLX-1, is an intermediate-mass black hole candidate located in the lenticular galaxy ESO 243-49 about 290 million light-years from Earth.[3] The source was discovered at the Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP, formerly the CESR), Toulouse, France and gained interest from the scientific community because of strong evidence supporting it as an intermediate-mass black hole.[2] HLX-1 is possibly the remnant of a dwarf galaxy that may have been in a galactic collision with ESO 243-49.[4]

Hyper-Luminous X-ray source 1

ESO 243-49 (center) with HLX-1 (circled)
Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation Phoenix[1]
Right ascension 01h 10m 28.2s
Declination −46° 04′ 22.2″[2]
Details
Mass102-105 M☉

Discovery

The object was first observed in November 2004, in which it was seen as a source emitting X-rays in the outskirts of the spiral galaxy ESO 243-49 and was catalogued as 2XMM J011028.1-460421, but nicknamed "HLX-1".[5] In 2008, a team of astronomers led by Natalie Webb at the Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie in Toulouse, France, discovered HLX-1 and from the very high X-ray luminosity (~1 x 1042 erg s−1, 0.2-10.0 keV), as well as its X-ray characteristics, proposed that it was an intermediate mass black hole candidate.[2] Follow up analysis using further X-ray,[6][7][8][9][10] optical [11][12] and radio [13] observations support the intermediate-mass black hole nature. In 2012, further work showed that there was a small cluster of stars amassed around HLX-1, leading Sean Farrell and collaborators[11] to conclude that the black hole was once the galactic center of a dwarf galaxy, which was consumed by ESO 243-49.[14][15] Farrell remarked, "The fact that there's a very young cluster of stars indicates that the intermediate-mass black hole may have originated as the central black hole in a very low-mass dwarf galaxy. The dwarf galaxy was then swallowed by the more massive galaxy.".[16]

References
  1. Beatty, Kelly (2009-07-03). "New Candidates for Midsize Black Holes". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original on 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
  2. Farrell, Sean (2009-07-02). "An intermediate-mass black hole of over 500 solar masses in the galaxy ESO 243-49". Nature. 460 (7251): 73–5. arXiv:1001.0567. Bibcode:2009Natur.460...73F. doi:10.1038/nature08083. PMID 19571880. S2CID 4344293.
  3. "ESO 243-49, a large spiral galaxy in Phoenix". 3 November 2012.
  4. Webb, Natalie (2010-02-19). "Chandra and Swift Follow-up Observations of the Intermediate Mass Black Hole in ESO 243-49". The Astrophysical Journal. 712 (1): L107–L110. arXiv:1002.3625. Bibcode:2010ApJ...712L.107W. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/712/1/L107. S2CID 118393250.
  5. Ford, Matt (2009-07-02). "Odd Black Hole Is Last Survivor of Its Galaxy". Ars Technica.
  6. Godet, Olivier (2009-09-24). "First evidence for spectral state transitions in the ESO243-49 hyper luminous X-ray source HLX-1". The Astrophysical Journal. 705 (2): L109–L112. arXiv:0909.4458. Bibcode:2009ApJ...705L.109G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/705/2/L109. S2CID 272396.
  7. Godet, Olivier (2012-04-16). "Investigating slim disk solutions for HLX-1 in ESO 243-49". The Astrophysical Journal. 752 (1): 34. arXiv:1204.3461. Bibcode:2012ApJ...752...34G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/752/1/34. S2CID 20418449.
  8. Servillat, Mathieu (2011-08-22). "X-ray Variability and Hardness of ESO 243-49 HLX-1: Clear Evidence for Spectral State Transitions". The Astrophysical Journal. 743 (1): 6. arXiv:1108.4405. Bibcode:2011ApJ...743....6S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/1/6. S2CID 118687377.
  9. Davis, Shane (2011-04-13). "The Cool Accretion Disk in ESO 243-49 HLX-1: Further Evidence of an Intermediate Mass Black Hole". The Astrophysical Journal. 734 (2): 111. arXiv:1104.2614. Bibcode:2011ApJ...734..111D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/734/2/111. S2CID 4730425.
  10. Lasota, Jean-Pierre (2011-02-21). "The origin of variability of the intermediate-mass black-hole ULX system HLX-1 in ESO 243-49". The Astrophysical Journal. 735 (2): 89. arXiv:1102.4336. Bibcode:2011ApJ...735...89L. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/735/2/89. S2CID 118611917.
  11. Farrell, Sean (2012-01-10). "A Young Massive Stellar Population Around the Intermediate Mass Black Hole ESO 243-49 HLX-1". The Astrophysical Journal. 747 (1): L13. arXiv:1110.6510. Bibcode:2012ApJ...747L..13F. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/747/1/L13. S2CID 119291891.
  12. Wiersema, Klaas (2010-08-24). "A Redshift for the Intermediate Mass Black Hole Candidate HLX-1: Confirmation of its Association with the Galaxy ESO 243-49". The Astrophysical Journal. 721 (2): L102–L106. arXiv:1008.4125. Bibcode:2010ApJ...721L.102W. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/721/2/L102. S2CID 119194158.
  13. Webb, Natalie (2012-07-05). "Radio Detections During Two State Transitions of the Intermediate-Mass Black Hole HLX-1". Science. 337 (6094): 554–556. arXiv:1311.6918. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..554W. doi:10.1126/science.1222779. hdl:2060/20140010250. PMID 22767898. S2CID 1652904.
  14. Mann, Adam (2012-02-15). "Odd Black Hole Is Last Survivor of Its Galaxy". Wired News.
  15. Grossman, Lisa (2012-02-17). "Astrophile: 'Missing link' black hole is stress eater". New Scientist. Reed Business Information.
  16. Moskowitz, Chris (2012-02-16). "How a black hole survived the destruction of its galaxy". The Christian Science Monitor.
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