HMCS Buckingham

HMCS Buckingham was a River-class frigate that served with the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War and as a Prestonian-class frigate from 1954–1965. She was named for Buckingham, Quebec. She is considered a significant part of Canadian naval history as used for some early trials of helicopter landings on smaller escort vessels. This led to the development of the future helicopter carrying destroyers.[2]

For other ships with the same name, see HMCS Royal Mount.

History
Canada
NameBuckingham
NamesakeBuckingham, Quebec
Ordered1 February 1943
BuilderDavie Shipbuilding, Lauzon
Yard number558
Laid down11 November 1943
Launched28 April 1944
Commissioned2 November 1944
Decommissioned16 November 1945
IdentificationPennant number: K 685
Recommissioned25 June 1954
ReclassifiedPrestonian-class frigate 1954
Decommissioned23 March 1965
Identificationpennant number: FFE 314
Honours and
awards		Atlantic 1945[1]
FateSold, scrapped 1966
BadgeGules, a swan, wings displayed argent gorged with coronet of Canada, or[1]
General characteristics
Class and typeRiver-class frigate
Displacement
  • 1,445 long tons (1,468 t; 1,618 short tons)
  • 2,110 long tons (2,140 t; 2,360 short tons) (deep load)
Length
  • 283 ft (86.26 m) p/p
  • 301.25 ft (91.82 m)o/a
Beam36.5 ft (11.13 m)
Draught9 ft (2.74 m); 13 ft (3.96 m) (deep load)
Propulsion2 x Admiralty 3-drum boilers, 2 shafts, reciprocating vertical triple expansion, 5,500 ihp (4,100 kW)
Speed
  • 20 knots (37.0 km/h)
  • 20.5 knots (38.0 km/h) (turbine ships)
Range646 long tons (656 t; 724 short tons) oil fuel; 7,500 nautical miles (13,890 km) at 15 knots (27.8 km/h)
Complement157
Armament

Buckingham was ordered 1 February 1943 as part of the 1943–1944 River-class building program.[3][4] She was laid down as Royal Mount[5] on 11 November 1943 by Davie Shipbuilding & Repairing Co. Ltd. at Lauzon and launched 28 April 1944. Her name was changed to Buckingham and she was commissioned on 2 November 1944 at Quebec City.[3]

Background
Main article: River-class frigate

The River-class frigate was designed by William Reed of Smith's Dock Company of South Bank-on-Tees. Originally called a "twin-screw corvette", its purpose was to improve on the convoy escort classes in service with the Royal Navy at the time, including the Flower-class corvette. The first orders were placed by the Royal Navy in 1940 and the vessels were named for rivers in the United Kingdom, giving name to the class. In Canada they were named for towns and cities though they kept the same designation.[6] The name "frigate" was suggested by Vice-Admiral Percy Nelles of the Royal Canadian Navy and was adopted later that year.[7]

Improvements over the corvette design included markedly better accommodation. The twin engines gave only three more knots of speed but extended the range of the ship to nearly double that of a corvette at 7,200 nautical miles (13,300 km) at 12 knots.[7] Among other lessons applied to the design was an armament package better designed to combat U-boats including a twin 4-inch mount forward and 12-pounder aft.[6] 15 Canadian frigates were initially fitted with a single 4-inch gun forward but with the exception of Valleyfield, they were all eventually upgraded to the double mount.[7] For underwater targets, the River-class frigate was equipped with a Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar and depth charge rails aft and four side-mounted throwers.[6]

River-class frigates were the first Royal Canadian Navy warships to carry the 147B Sword horizontal fan echo sonar transmitter in addition to the regular ASDIC. This allowed the ship to maintain contact with targets even while firing unless a target was struck. Improved radar and direction-finding equipment improved the RCN's ability to find and track enemy submarines over the previous classes.[6]

Canada originally ordered the construction of 33 frigates in October 1941.[6][7] The design was too big for the shipyards on the Great Lakes so all the frigates built in Canada were built in dockyards along the west coast or along the St. Lawrence River.[7] In all Canada ordered the construction of 60 frigates including ten for the Royal Navy that in turn transferred two to the United States Navy.[6]

Service history

Buckingham returned to Halifax after working up at Bermuda in January 1945 and was assigned to the convoy escort group EG 28. She remained with this unit until the end of hostilities in Europe performing local escort duties for coastal convoys along the eastern coast of Canada.[3]

On 10 May, U-889 was spotted south of Newfoundland by a RCAF airplane, steaming at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) and flying a black flag of surrender. The RCAF plane radioed to nearby Western Escort Force W-6 who intercepted the submarine an hour later. U-889 was ordered to head to Bay Bulls, Newfoundland. 24 hours later U-889 was turned over to the frigates Buckingham and Inch Arran who escorted her to Shelburne Harbour where she was boarded.[8]

In June 1945, Buckingham began a tropicalization refit at Liverpool, Nova Scotia in preparation for service in the Pacific Ocean. She moved to Shelburne to complete it however it was suspended before the work was done due to the Surrender of Japan. She was paid off 16 November 1945 at Sydney and placed in reserve.[3][4]

Postwar service

Buckingham was sold to Marine Industries Ltd. in 1946. She was reacquired by the RCN to undergo conversion to a Prestonian-class ocean escort from 1953–1954.[3] This meant a flush-decked appearance aft, with a larger bridge and taller funnel. Her hull forward was strengthened against ice and the quarterdeck was enclosed to contain two Squid anti-submarine mortars.[9] Buckingham recommissioned at Montreal on 25 June 1954 with the pennant number 314.[10]

Upon return to service, Buckingham was used for training purposes and assigned to HMCS Cornwallis.[10] In the summer of 1956, the Royal Canadian Navy believed that flying a helicopter equipped for anti-submarine warfare could be "married" to an existing anti-submarine platform such as a destroyer or frigate. To prove this, the RCN attached a small landing pad aft to Buckingham in October–December 1956 and attempted to land a Sikorsky HO4S-3 on it. The attempts were successful and the pad was removed and tested again on the larger Ottawa.[11] These trials demonstrated that a helicopter could be landed and would lead to the development of the Beartrap, a mechanism designed by the RCN to keep the helicopter attached to the deck once it had landed.[12] In 1961, the frigate was a member of the Ninth Canadian Escort Squadron.[13] In June 1961, Buckingham toured the Great Lakes, making several port visits.[14]

Buckingham served until paid off on 23 March 1965. She was sold for scrap and broken up at La Spezia, Italy in 1966.[3]

References

Notes
  1. Arbuckle, p.17
  2. Thomas, Doug (Spring 2010). "Significant Canadian Warships" (PDF). Canadian Naval Review. p. 43. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  3. Macpherson, Ken; Burgess, John (1981). The ships of Canada's naval forces 1910–1981 : a complete pictorial history of Canadian warships. Toronto: Collins. ISBN 0-00216-856-1.
  4. "HMCS Buckingham (K 685)". uboat.net. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  5. Lenton, H.T.; Colledge, J.J. (1968). British and Dominion Warships of World War II. New York: Doubleday and Company Inc. p. 231.
  6. "Fact Sheet No. 21 – Canadian River Class Frigates". Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  7. Macpherson, Ken (1989). Frigates of the Royal Canadian Navy 1943–1974. Lewiston, New York: Vanwell Publishing. pp. 6–7, 15. ISBN 0920277225.
  8. Ferguson, Julie H. (1995). Through a Canadian Periscope: The Story of the Canadian Submarine Service. Dundurn. p. 250. ISBN 1550022172.
  9. Raymond V.B. Blackman, ed. (1958). Jane's Fighting Ships 1958–59. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. p. 77.
  10. "Buckingham to Train New Entries". The Crowsnest. Vol. 6, no. 10. Queen's Printer. August 1954. p. 2.
  11. Milner, Marc (2010). Canada's Navy: The First Century. University of Toronto Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0802096043.
  12. Orr, John (Summer 2013). "Perseverance: Some Reflections on 50 Years of the Canadian Sea King" (PDF). Canadian Naval Review. pp. 11–12. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  13. "Ninth Escort Squadron". The Crowsnest. Vol. 13, no. 6. Queen's Printer. April 1961. pp. 19–20.
  14. "Eight Ships Will Tour Great Lakes". The Crowsnest. Vol. 13, no. 7. Queen's Printer. May 1961. pp. 2–3.

References
  • Arbuckle, J. Graeme (1987). Badges of the Canadian Navy. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nimbus Publishing. ISBN 0-920852-49-1.
  • Macpherson, Ken; Burgess, John. The ships of Canada's naval forces 1910–1981 : a complete pictorial history of Canadian warships. Collins: Toronto, 1981. ISBN 0-00216-856-1
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