HP-35

In about 1970 HP co-founder Bill Hewlett challenged his co-workers to create a "shirt-pocket sized HP-9100". At the time, slide rules were the only practical portable devices for performing trigonometric and exponential functions, as existing pocket calculators could only perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Introduced at US$395 (equivalent to $2,800 in 2022),[2] like HP's first scientific calculator, the desktop 9100A, it used reverse Polish notation (RPN) rather than what came to be called "algebraic" entry. The "35" in the calculator's name came from the number of keys.

The original HP-35 was available from 1972 to 1975. In 2007 HP announced the release of the "retro"-look HP 35s to commemorate the 35th anniversary of the launch of the original HP-35. It was priced at US$59.99.[3]

The HP-35 was named an IEEE Milestone in 2009.[4]

HP-35 mainboard.

The calculator used a traditional floating decimal display for numbers that could be displayed in that format, but automatically switched to scientific notation for other numbers. The fifteen-digit LED display was capable of displaying a ten-digit mantissa plus its sign and a decimal point and a two-digit exponent plus its sign. The display used a unique form of multiplexing, illuminating a single LED segment at a time rather than a single LED digit, because HP research had shown that this method was perceived by the human eye as brighter for equivalent power. Light-emitting diodes were relatively new at the time and were much dimmer than high-efficiency diodes developed in subsequent decades.

The calculator used three "AA"-sized NiCd batteries assembled into a removable proprietary battery pack. Replacement battery packs are no longer available, leaving existing HP-35 calculators to rely on AC power, or their users to rebuild the battery packs themselves using available cells. An external battery charger was available, and the calculator could also run from the charger, with or without batteries installed.

Internally, the calculator was organized around a serial (1-bit) processor chipset made under contract by Mostek, processing 56-bit floating-point numbers, representing 14-digit BCD numbers.

The calculator had a four-register stack (x, y, z and t), the "enter" key pushed the displayed value (x) down the stack. Any binary operation popped the top two registers and pushed the result. When the stack was popped, the t register duplicated into the z register.

The HP-35 was the start of a family of related calculators with similar mechanical packaging:

• The HP-45 added many more features, including the ability to control the output format (rather than the purely automatic format of the HP-35). It also contained an undocumented timer feature. The timer worked, but was not accurate enough to use as a stopwatch due to lack of a crystal oscillator.
• The HP-65 added programmability, with program storage on magnetic cards.
• The HP-55, a less expensive follow-on to the HP-65, provided storage for smaller programs, but didn't provide any external storage. The timer that was already present on the HP-45 was now crystal-controlled to achieve the needed accuracy and explicitly documented.
• The HP-67 expanded on the programmability of the HP-65, and added fully merged keycodes.
• The HP-80 and cheaper HP-70 provided financial, rather than scientific functions, such as future value and net present value.

Follow-on calculators used varying mechanical packaging but most were operationally similar. The HP-25 was a smaller, cheaper model of a programmable scientific calculator without magnetic card reader, with features much like the HP-65. The HP-41C was a major advance in programmability and capacity, and offered CMOS memory so that programs were not lost when the calculator was switched off. It was the first calculator to offer alphanumeric capabilities for both the display and the keyboard. Four external ports below the display area allowed memory expansion (RAM modules), loading of additional programs (ROM modules) and interfacing a wide variety of peripherals including HP-IL ("HP Interface Loop"), a scaled-down version of the HPIB/GPIB/IEEE-488 instrument bus. The later HP-28C and HP-28S added much more memory and a substantially different, more powerful programming metaphor.

• The HP-35 was 5.8 inches (150 mm) long and 3.2 inches (81 mm) wide, said to have been designed to fit into one of William Hewlett's shirt pockets.
• Was the first scientific calculator to fly in space in 1973.[5]
• HP-35 calculators were carried on the Skylab 3 and Skylab 4 flights, between July 1973 and February 1974.[6]
• Is the first pocket calculator with a numeric range that covered 200 decades (more precise 199, ±10^±99).[5]
• The LED display power requirement was responsible for the HP-35's short battery life between charges — about three hours. To extend operating time and avoid wearing out the on/off slide switch, users would press the decimal point key to force the display to illuminate just a single LED junction.
• The HP-35 calculated arithmetic, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions but the complete implementation used only 767 carefully chosen instructions (7670 bits).
• One high-quality feature of the HP-35 was its use of double-injected keys. Rather than printing the function on the key surface where it could wear off over time and use as with cheaper calculators, the keys were constructed with two colors of plastic, providing durable key top labels for the labeled keys.
• Introduction of the HP-35 and similar scientific calculators by Texas Instruments soon thereafter signaled the demise of the slide rule among science and engineering students. Slide rule holsters rapidly gave way to "electronic slide rule" holsters, and colleges began to drop slide-rule classes from their curricula.
• 100,000 HP-35 calculators were sold in the first year, and over 300,000 by the time it was discontinued in 1975—3½ years after its introduction.[7]

• CORDIC
• France Rode
• Sinclair Scientific

• Whitney, Thomas M. (1975). "Part I. Basic Computer Architecture. / Chapter 3. Introduction to Calculators: / 3-5. Example Systems / The Hewlett Packard HP-35". In Stone, Harold Stuart (ed.). Introduction to Computer Architecture. Computer Sciences Series (1 ed.). Science Research Associates, Inc. (SRA). pp. 118–135 [123–135]. ISBN 0-574-18405-8. LCCN 75-14016. ark:/13960/t8pc40t3q. Order-Code 13-4005. Retrieved 2023-09-29. p. 124: […] The HP-35 is a totally serial computer. The adder is a BCD serial type […] The serial structure means less integrated circuit area must be allocated to interconnection lines and gating functions and an interesting trade off occurs. A bit-serial, digit-serial architecture is inherently one fourth the speed of a bit-parallel digit-serial structure […] But the basic clock rate for a bit-serial structure can sometimes be increased since additional area can be allocated for larger integrated devices that are necessary for greater speed. In the HP-35, the execution time of the most complex functions is under one second, while the serial architecture permits an increased circuit complexity. […] Instructions in the HP-35 are transferred serially from the active read-only memory to the arithmetic and control circuits and to other ROMs if present. […]
• CODEX 99 'The HP-35 Consumer Electronics, an Origin Story'
• The Museum of HP Calculators' article on the HP-35
• "HP35 edition". HP Journal. 23 (10). June 1972.
• Laporte, Jacques. "The slide rule killer: a milestone in computer history". A thorough analysis of the HP-35 firmware including the CORDIC algorithms and the bugs in the early ROM.
• Tom Osborne’s Story in his own words - the invention of the HP 9100, HP 35 and HP 65
• Leibson, Steven (2007). Interview with Dave Cochran about the HP 35 Calculator. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12.

• HP-35 pictures on MyCalcDB (database about 1970s and 1980s pocket calculators)
• A list of earliest HP-35 "Red Dot" calculators
• HP-35 Calculator Simulator (JavaScript)
• HP-35 Calculator Emulator (JavaScript; original ROM or bug-fixed ROM)