Hadharem

As in other regions of Yemen, Hadhrami society is stratified into several groups. At the top of hierarchy are the religious elites, or sada, who can trace their descent to the Prophet Muhammad. These are followed by the sheikhs, and then the Bedouins: peasants who belong to tribes and who live mainly from agriculture and trading. Finally, at the bottom of the hierarchy are the Al-Muhamashīn, or "the marginalized" (previously referred to as "al-akhdam", or "servants".)

The Hadharem speak Hadhrami Arabic, a dialect of Arabic, although Hadharem living in the diaspora that have acculturated mainly speak the local language of the region they live in.

Hadhrami immigrants in Surabaya (Indonesia), 1920

Hadhrami Arab neighborhood in Surabaya, 1880

Hadharem of Palembang, 22 February 1937

The Hadharem have a long seafaring and trading tradition that predates Semitic cultures. Hadramite influence was later overshadowed by the rise of the Sabaeans, who became the ruling class. This prompted Hadhrami seamen to emigrate in large numbers around the Indian Ocean basin, including the Horn of Africa, the Swahili Coast, the Malabar Coast, Hyderabad in South India, Sri Lanka, and Maritime Southeast Asia.[1]

Hadhrami East Africans

South Semitic Kingdom of Hadramawt in 400 BC

The Hadharem have long had a presence in the Horn of Africa (Djibouti, Ethiopia and Somalia), and also comprise a notable part of the Harari population. Hadhrami settlers were instrumental in helping to consolidate the Muslim community in the coastal Benadir province of Somalia, in particular.[3] During the colonial period, disgruntled Hadharem from the tribal wars settled in various Somali towns.[4] They were also frequently recruited into the armies of the Somali Sultanates.[5]

Some Hadhrami communities also reportedly exist in Mozambique, Comoros, and Madagascar.[6]

• Hadhramout Region
• Arab Indonesians
• Hadrami sheikhdom
• History of the Jews in Hadramaut
• Ibn Khaldun al-Hadrami
• Lemba people
• Yemenite Jews

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• AHMED BIN SALAM BAHIYAL who came from hadramaut to MAHABUBNAGAR (HYDERABAD) INDIA, 1821
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• Manger, Leif (2007). "Hadramis in Hyderabad: From Winners to Losers". Asian Journal of Social Science. 35 (4): 405–433. doi:10.1163/156853107x240279. ISSN 1568-5314.
• Manger, Leif (2010). The Hadrami diaspora: Community-building on the Indian Ocean rim. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781845459789. OCLC 732958389.
• Miran, Jonathan (2012). "Red Sea Translocals: Hadrami Migration, Entrepreneurship, and Strategies of Integration in Eritrea, 1840s–1970s". Northeast African Studies. 12 (1): 129–167. doi:10.1353/nas.2012.0035. ISSN 1535-6574. S2CID 143621961.
• Mobini-Kesheh, Natalie (1999). The Hadrami awakening: Community and identity in the Netherlands East Indies, 1900-1942. SEAP Publications. ISBN 9780877277279. OCLC 43269837.
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