Ahl al-Kisa

According to the hadith of the kisa, at least on one occasion, the Islamic prophet Muhammad gathered his daughter Fatima, her husband Ali, and their two sons Hasan and Husayn, under his cloak,[1][2] and then prayed, "O God, these are my ahl al-bayt (lit. 'the people of my house') and my closest family members; remove defilement from them and purify them completely," where this last statement is a reference to verse 33:33 of the Quran,[1][2] known also as the verse of purification.[3] These five have thus become known as the Ahl al-Kisa (lit. 'people of the cloak').[4] Variants of this tradition can be found in Sahih Muslim,[5][4] Sunan al-Tirmidhi, and Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal,[5] all canonical collections in Sunni Islam. Other versions are reported by the Sunni scholars Ibn Kathir (d. 1373), al-Wahidi (d. 1075), Qadi Baydawi (d. 1319), al-Baghawi (d. 1122), al-Suyuti (d. 1505),[6] al-Hakim al-Nishapuri (d. 1014),[7] and al-Tabari (d. 923),[8] and by the Shia exegete Muhammad H. Tabatabai (d. 1981),[6] among many others.

After an inconclusive debate about Jesus between Muhammad and a Christian delegation from Najran, both parties decided to engage in mubuhala, where they would pray to invoke God's curse upon whoever was the liar. Linked to this ordeal is verse 3:61 of the Quran, also known as the verse of the mubahala, which instructed Muhammad,[9][10][11]

And to whomsoever disputes with thee over it, after the knowledge that has come unto thee [about Jesus], say, "Come! Let us call upon our sons and your sons, our women and your women, ourselves and yourselves. Then let us pray earnestly, so as to place the curse of God upon those who lie."[12]

The delegation withdrew from the challenge and negotiated for peace.[13] The majority of reports indicate that Muhammad appeared for the occasion of the mubahala, accompanied by Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn.[14] Such reports are presented by the early scholars Ibn Ishaq (d. 767), al-Razi (d. 1209),[15] Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (d. 875),[16][17] al-Hakim al-Nishapuri (d. 1014),[16] and Ibn Kathir (d. 1373),[18] among others. Some traditions about the mubahala add that Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn stood under Muhammad's cloak, and the five have thus become known as the Ahl al-Kisa.[19][4][20][21]

Also known as the verse of purification,[3] the last passage of verse 33:33 reads, "God only desires to remove defilement from you, O Ahl al-Bayt, and to purify you completely."[6] Muslims disagree as to who belongs to the Ahl al-Bayt (lit. 'people of the house').[2] Shia Islam limits the Ahl al-Bayt to the Ahl al-Kisa, namely, Muhammad, Fatima, Ali, Hasan and Husayn.[25][26] The verse of purification is thus regarded in Shia Islam as evidence of the infallibility of the Ahl al-Kisa.[8] Shias also believe in the redemptive power of the pain and martyrdom endured by the Ahl al-Bayt (particularly by Husayn) for those who empathize with their divine cause and suffering.[27][28] There are various views in Sunni Islam, though a typical compromise is to also include Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt.[20]

Known as the verse of the mawadda (lit. 'affection' or 'love'), verse 42:23 of the Quran contains the passage, "[O Mohammad!] Say, 'I ask not of you any reward for it, save affection among kinsfolk.'"[29] The Shia-leaning historian Ibn Ishaq narrates that Muhammad specified al-qurba in this verse as Ali, Fatima, and their two sons, Hasan and Husayn.[30] This is also the view of some Sunni scholars, including al-Razi, Baydawi,[31] and Ibn al-Maghazili.[30] Most Sunni authors, however, reject the Shia view and offer various alternatives,[29] chief among them is that this verse enjoins love for kinsfolk in general.[32][33]

Verses 76:5-22 are connected to the Ahl al-Kiso in most Shia and some Sunni sources, including the works of the Shia exegete al-Tabarsi (d. 1153), and the Sunni scholars al-Qurtubi (d. 1273) and al-Alusi (d. 1854).[34] According to these authors, verses 76:5–22 were revealed to Muhammad after Ali, Fatima, Hasan, Husayn, and their maidservant Fidda gave away their only meal of the day to beggars who visited their home, for three consecutive days.[35][36] In particular, verses 76:7–12 read,

They fulfill their vows and fear a day whose evil is widespread, and give food, despite loving it, to the indigent, the orphan, and the captive. "We feed you only for the Face of God. We do not desire any recompense or thanks from you. Truly we fear from our Lord a grim, calamitous day." So God has shielded them from the evil of that Day, bestowed upon them radiance and joy, and rewarded them for having been patient with a Garden and with silk.[37]