Hafiz Wahba

Hafiz Wahba (15 July 1889 – 1967) was an Egyptian diplomat who was then naturalised in Saudi Arabia. Fuad Hamza and he were the first ambassadors of Saudi Arabia, the former in France and the latter in the United Kingdom.[1] In addition, they were among the advisers whom King Abdulaziz employed to improve the decision-making process of the state.[2]

Hafiz Wahba
Personal details
Born15 July 1889
Cairo, Khedivate of Egypt
Died1967 (aged 77–78)
Rome, Italy
NationalitySaudi Arabian
Alma materAl Azhar University

Early life and education

Wahba was born in Cairo in 1889.[3][4][5] He was a graduate of Al Azhar University.[4][6] He also attended Muslim Jurisprudence College where he obtained a degree in Islamic law.[7]

During the British occupation of Egypt Wahba was sent to exile in Malta due to his alleged involvement in the 1919 revolt against British forces.[8] Then he joined the pan-Islamic Khilafat movement in India.[6] He worked as a school principal in Kuwait.[9]

Career

Wahba's first official task in Saudi Arabia was that of being a tutor to Prince Faisal bin Abdulaziz in 1916.[10] He also taught Prince Saud, another son of Abdulaziz.[11] In 1923 Wahba was appointed by Abdulaziz as his representative in Egypt.[7][12] However, Wahba's attempts in Egypt failed.[12] He was part of the Abdulaziz Al Saud's Hejaz campaign against Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz.[12] When Mecca was captured in 1924 Abdulaziz sent him there together with his two other advisors, Abdullah Suleiman and Abdullah Al Damluji, before he himself entered the region.[13] The same year Wahba was appointed civil governor of Mecca which he held until 1926.[10] At the same time he was part of the eight-member political committee at the Saudi royal court.[14]

In 1928 Wahba was made the head of education directorate which was responsible for educational activities in Hejaz.[8] During his term the directorate sent fourteen Saudi students to Al Azhar in Cairo for higher education.[15] The same year Wahba suggested King Abdulaziz to establish a body to control and eliminate the violent attacks of the Ikhwan to pilgrims which had negative effects on the income of the country.[16] This body laid the basis of the Committee for the Promotion of Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong.[16] Wahba accompanied King Abdulaziz in his meeting with Amir Faisal, King of Iraq, in February 1930.[17]

Wahba was made Saudi envoy to Vatican City.[8] He was assigned for the mission of ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United Kingdom on 10 November 1930[18] and held the post until 1956.[19] In 1955 King Saud asked Wahba to return to Riyadh when the relations between Saudi Arabia and Britain became very tense because of the Buraimi dispute.[20] The reason for the end of his term was the diplomatic crisis between Saudi Arabia and Britain following the Suez crisis.[21]

On 7 November 1933 the Saudi-American Treaty was signed by Robert W. Bingham, the American ambassador to Great Britain, on behalf of the United States and Hafiz Wahba on behalf of Saudi Arabia.[22] Wahba accompanied King Abdulaziz in his meeting with Franklin D. Roosevelt on 14 February 1945.[23] The same year Wahba was part of the Saudi Arabia's delegation at the San Francisco meeting of the United Nations.[7] He represented Saudi Arabia at the Palestine Conference held in London in October 1947.[24] Wahba was named one of two representatives of the Saudi government as directors of the Arabian American Oil Company in May 1959.[25][26] The other one was Abdullah Tariki.[25] They were the first Saudi directors of the company.[25]

Wahba served as the Saudi ambassador to the United Kingdom for a second term from 15 November 1962 to 13 July 1966.[21] It was his last office, and he retired from public posts.[5]

Personal life and death

Wahba married several times, including a Kuwaiti woman.[27] One of his children with his Kuwaiti wife was Mustafa Wahba who was the long-term secretary general of the Communist Party in Saudi Arabia (CPSA).[27][28] Hafiz Wahba also had two daughters from this marriage and another son, Ali, from his other marriage.[27]

Wahba settled in Rome following his retirement in 1966.[5] He died there in 1967.[29][30] He published various books, including Fifty Years in Arabia (1962) and Arabian Days (1964) both of which were published in London.[10]

References
  1. Bernard Lewis; Buntzie Ellis Churchill (2012). Notes on a Century: Reflections of a Middle East Historian. New York: Penguin Publishing Group. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-101-57523-9.
  2. Joseph Kostiner (July 1985). "On Instruments and Their Designers: The Ikhwan of Najd and the Emergence of the Saudi State". Middle Eastern Studies. 21 (3): 315. doi:10.1080/00263208508700631.
  3. Jorg Matthias Determann (2012). Globalization, the state, and narrative plurality: historiography in Saudi Arabia (PhD thesis). SOAS, University of London.
  4. Khalid Abdullah Krairi (October 2016). John Philby and his political roles in the Arabian Peninsula, 1917-1953 (PhD thesis). University of Birmingham. p. 355.
  5. "وَهْبَة.. نَفَتْهُ بريطانيا من مصر فعاد إلى لندن سفيراً". Okaz (in Arabic). 13 October 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  6. Michael Farquhar (November 2013). Expanding the Wahhabi Mission: Saudi Arabia, the Islamic University of Medina and the Transnational Religious Economy (PhD thesis). London School of Economics.
  7. "Aramco Announces New Board Chairman, President, Directors" (PDF). Sun and Flare. Dhahran: Arabian American Oil Company. XV (21): 1. 27 May 1959.
  8. Alexei Vassiliev (2013). The History of Saudi Arabia. London: Saqi. pp. 15, 299. ISBN 978-0-86356-779-7.
  9. D. van der Meulen (2018). Wells of Ibn Saud. Abingdon; New York: Routledge. p. 195. ISBN 978-1-317-84766-3.
  10. C.H.H. Owen (2020). "On royal duty: HMS Aurora's report of proceedings 1945". In Michael Duffy (ed.). The Naval Miscellany. Vol. VI. Abingdon; London: Routledge. p. 433. ISBN 978-1-00-034082-2.
  11. "File 11/44 Leading Personalities in Iraq, Iran & Saudi Arabia". Qatar Digital Library. 13 January 1948. Retrieved 18 August 2023. Citing from the British India Office Records and Private Papers
  12. Mohamed Zayyan Aljazairi (1968). Diplomatic history of Saudi Arabia, 1903-1960's (MA thesis). University of Arizona. p. 45. hdl:10150/318068.
  13. Mansour Alsharidah (July 2020). Merchants without Borders: Qusman Traders in the Arabian Gulf and Indian Ocean, c. 1850-1950 (PhD thesis). University of Arkansas. p. 230.
  14. Madawi Al Rasheed (2010). A History of Saudi Arabia (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 83. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511993510. ISBN 978-0-5217-4754-7.
  15. Ahmed Ibrahim Shukri (1972). Education, manpower needs and socio-economic development in Saudi Arabia (PhD thesis). University of London.
  16. Madawi Al Rasheed (2013). A Most Masculine State: Gender, Politics and Religion in Saudi Arabia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-521-76104-8.
  17. "Meeting of Arab Kings". The Times. No. 45415. Baghdad. 20 January 1930. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  18. "Freedom of Information Act Request". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 28 February 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  19. "Hafiz Wahba". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  20. Haya Saleh Alhargan (2015). Anglo-Saudi Cultural Relations: Challenges and Opportunities in the Context of Bilateral Ties, 1950-2010 (PhD thesis). King’s College, University of London. p. 125.
  21. Roderick Parkes (1966). "Notes on the Main Characters". Bloomsbury Collections. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  22. Fahd M. Al Nafjan (1989). The Origins of Saudi-American Relations: From recognition to diplomatic representation (1931-1943) (PhD thesis). University of Kansas. p. 118. ProQuest 303791009.
  23. "Charles Claftin sees History in the making". Acton Beacon. 17 August 1945. p. 7. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  24. "Palestine Talks in London". The Times. No. 50668. 25 January 1947. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  25. "Two Sheiks Join Aramco Board; Named to Represent the Government of Saudi Arabia". The New York Times. 22 May 1959.
  26. William E. Mulligan (May–June 1984). "A Kingdom and a Company". Aramco World. 25 (3).
  27. "عاش مع الطريقي طفولة الكويت، السيد مصطفى حافظ وهبة لـ"إيلاف" : لم يكن الطريقي متعالياً ولا مغروراً، وعلى طاشكندي أن يراجع كلامه!!". Elaph (in Arabic). 24 June 2003. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  28. Mohammed Turki A. Al Sudairi (2019). "Marx's Arabian Apostles: The Rise and Fall of the Saudi Communist Movement". The Middle East Journal. 73 (3): 455–456. doi:10.3751/73.3.15. S2CID 210378439.
  29. "نفته بريطانيا من مصر فعاد إلى لندن سفيرًا للسعودية". Al Ayam (in Arabic). 13 October 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  30. Nabil Mouline (2014). The Clerics of Islam. Religious Authority and Political Power in Saudi Arabia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 110. doi:10.12987/yale/9780300178906.001.0001. ISBN 9780300178906.
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