Hammer throw

The hammer throw is one of the four throwing events in regular outdoor track and field competitions, along with the discus throw, shot put and javelin.

Athletics
Hammer throw
World records
MenSoviet Union Yuriy Sedykh 86.74 m (1986)
WomenPoland Anita Włodarczyk 82.98 m (2016)
Olympic records
MenSoviet Union Sergey Litvinov 84.80 m (1988)
WomenPoland Anita Włodarczyk 82.29 m (2016)
World Championship records
MenBelarus Ivan Tsikhan 83.63 m (2007)
WomenPoland Anita Włodarczyk 80.85 m (2015)
The traditional Highland games version of the event

The "hammer" used in this sport is not like any of the tools also called by that name. It consists of a metal ball attached by a steel wire to a grip. These three components are each separate and can move independently. Both the size and weight of the ball vary between men's and women's events. The women's hammer weighs 4kg for college and professional meets while the men's hammer weighs 7.26kg.

History

Scottish hammer throw illustration from Frank R. Stockton's book Round-about Rambles in Lands of Fact and Fancy
Irish American John Flanagan in the hammer throw competition at the Summer Olympics 1908 in London

The exact origins of the Hammer throw are a mystery to modern historians. According to legend, at the Tailteann Games in Tara, Ireland as far back as 2000 BC the Celtic warrior Culchulainn took a chariot axle with a wheel still attached and spun it around and hurled it.[1] The wheel was later replaced by a rock with a wooden handle attached.[1] A sledgehammer began to be used for the sport in Scotland and England during the Middle Ages.[1] In current times, the hammer has changed to the more modern 7.26 kg ball attached to a wire and a handle, but the Scottish Highland Games still feature the older style of hammer throw with the rock and the solid wood handle. Today the Hammer throw is one of four throwing events featured in the Olympics alongside discus, shot put, and javelin.

The contemporary version of the hammer throw

While the men's hammer throw has been part of the Olympics since 1900, the International Association of Athletics Federations did not start ratifying women's marks until 1995. Women's hammer throw was first included in the Olympics at the 2000 summer games in Sydney, Australia after having been included in the World Championships a year earlier.

Athlete practicing the hammer throw event

Competition

The men's hammer weighs 16 pounds (7.26 kg) and measures 3 feet 11+34 inches (121.3 cm) in length, and the women's hammer weighs 4 kg (8.82 lb) and 3 ft 11 in (119.4 cm) in length.[2] Like the other throwing events, the competition is decided by who can throw the implement the farthest.

The throwing motion starts with the thrower swinging the hammer back-and-forth about two times to generate momentum. The thrower then makes three, four or (rarely) five full rotations using a complex heel-toe foot movement, spinning the hammer in a circular path and increasing its angular velocity with each rotation. Rather than spinning the hammer horizontally, it is instead spun in a plane that angles up towards the direction in which it will be launched. The thrower releases the hammer as its velocity is upward and toward the target.[3]

Thrower inside a hammer cage, with the markings for the throwing circle and the throwing sector visible on the ground (women's final at the 2017 European Athletics U23 Championships)

Throws are made from a throwing circle. The thrower is not allowed to step outside the throwing circle before the hammer has landed and may only enter and exit from the rear of the throwing circle. The hammer must land within a 34.92º throwing sector that is centered on the throwing circle. The sector angle was chosen because it provides a sector whose bounds are easy to measure and lay out on a field (10 metres out from the center of the ring, 6 metres across).[4][5] A violation of the rules results in a foul and the throw not being counted.

As of 2023 the men's hammer world record is held by Yuriy Sedykh, who threw 86.74 m (284 ft 6+34 in) at the 1986 European Athletics Championships in Stuttgart, West Germany on 30 August. The world record for the women's hammer is held by Anita Włodarczyk, who threw 82.98 m (272 ft 2+34 in) during the Kamila Skolimowska Memorial on 28 August 2016. Sedykh's 1986 world record has been noted for its longevity, and for dating from "a time when track and field was starting to realize the scale of performance-enhancing drug use" (AP).[6] According to Russian doping whistleblower Grigory Rodchenkov, Sedykh was a heavy user of steroids, which Sedykh denied.[6]

The throwing distance depends on the velocity and height at which the hammer is released, but also on other factors that are not under the athlete's control.[7] In particular, earth's rotation affects it via the location's latitude (due to the centrifugal force, the hammer will fly a bit further in a location closer to the equator) and to a lesser extent also via the throw's azimuth (i.e. its compass direction, due to Coriolis forces).[7] According to a 2023 study, such effects are large enough that the top 20 world-record rankings for both men and women at the time could somewhat change if they were adjusted for latitude and azimuth.[7]

Safety issues

Hammer throwing has been described as involving "inherent danger [...]. Athletes, coaches, and spectators participating in the event are at risk; steel hammers [...] are hurled through the air at great speeds, [travel] far distances, and [are] sometimes difficult to spot in flight."[8] For example, hammer throws resulted in four deaths in Europe in 2000 alone,[9] and have caused deaths and permanent brain damage injuries in the United States too.[8]

To mitigate such risks, a C-shaped "hammer cage" was introduced, which is built around the throwing circle, preventing the hammer from flying off in unwanted directions.[8] In 2004, the IAAF changed its rules to increase the mandatory height of hammer cages to 10m and reduce their "danger zone" angle to around 53°.[8] The change also moved the cage gates further away from the throwing circle, thus reducing the risk of a misdirected hammer bouncing back on the thrower.[10]

All-time top 25

Men

  • Correct as of May 2022.[11]
Ath.#Perf.#MarkAthleteNationDatePlaceRef.
1186.74 m (284 ft 6 in)Yuriy Sedykh Soviet Union30 August 1986Stuttgart
286.66 m (284 ft 3 in)Sedykh #222 June 1986Tallinn
386.34 m (283 ft 3 in)Sedykh #303 July 1984Cork
2486.04 m (282 ft 3 in)Sergey Litvinov Soviet Union03 July 1986Dresden
585.74 m (281 ft 3 in)Litvinov #230 August 1986Stuttgart
685.68 m (281 ft 1 in)Sedykh #411 August 1986Budapest
785.60 m (280 ft 10 in)Sedykh #513 July 1984London
Sedykh #617 August 1984Moscow
985.20 m (279 ft 6 in)Litvinov #303 July 1984Cork
1085.14 m (279 ft 3 in)Litvinov #411 July 1986London
Sedykh #704 September 1988Moscow
1285.02 m (278 ft 11 in)Sedykh #820 August 1984Budapest
1384.92 m (278 ft 7 in)Sedykh #903 July 1986Dresden
31484.90 m (278 ft 6 in)Vadim Devyatovskiy Belarus21 July 2005Minsk
1584.88 m (278 ft 5 in)Litvinov #510 September 1986Rome
41684.86 m (278 ft 4 in)Koji Murofushi Japan29 June 2003Prague
1784.80 m (278 ft 2 in)Litvinov #626 September 1988Seoul
1884.72 m (277 ft 11 in)Sedykh #1009 July 1986Moscow
1984.64 m (277 ft 8 in)Litvinov #709 July 1986Moscow
52084.62 m (277 ft 7 in)Igor Astapkovich Belarus06 June 1992Seville
2184.60 m (277 ft 6 in)Sedykh #1114 September 1984Tokyo
2284.58 m (277 ft 5 in)Sedykh #1208 June 1986Leningrad
62384.51 m (277 ft 3 in)Ivan Tsikhan Belarus09 July 2008Grodno
72484.48 m (277 ft 1 in)Igor Nikulin Soviet Union12 July 1990Lausanne
2584.46 m (277 ft 1 in)Sedykh #1314 September 1988Vladivostok
Tsikhan #207 May 2004Minsk
8 84.40 m (276 ft 10 in) Jüri Tamm Soviet Union 09 September 1984 Banská Bystrica
9 84.19 m (276 ft 2 in) Adrián Annus Hungary 10 August 2003 Szombathely
10 83.93 m (275 ft 4 in) Paweł Fajdek Poland 09 August 2015 Szczecin [12]
11 83.68 m (274 ft 6 in) Tibor Gécsek Hungary 19 September 1998 Zalaegerszeg
12 83.46 m (273 ft 9 in) Andrey Abduvaliyev Soviet Union 26 May 1990 Adler
13 83.43 m (273 ft 8 in) Aleksey Zagornyi Russia 10 February 2002 Adler
14 83.40 m (273 ft 7 in) Ralf Haber East Germany 16 May 1988 Athens
15 83.38 m (273 ft 6 in) Szymon Ziółkowski Poland 05 August 2001 Edmonton
16 83.30 m (273 ft 3 in) Olli-Pekka Karjalainen Finland 14 July 2004 Lahti
17 83.04 m (272 ft 5 in) Heinz Weis Germany 29 June 1997 Frankfurt
18 83.00 m (272 ft 3 in) Balázs Kiss Hungary 04 June 1998 Saint-Denis
19 82.78 m (271 ft 7 in) Karsten Kobs Germany 26 June 1999 Dortmund
20 82.71 m (271 ft 4 in) Rudy Winkler United States 20 June 2021 Eugene [13]
21 82.69 m (271 ft 3 in) Krisztián Pars Hungary 16 August 2014 Zürich
22 82.64 m (271 ft 1 in) Günther Rodehau East Germany 03 August 1985 Dresden
23 82.62 m (271 ft 0 in) Sergey Kirmasov Russia 30 May 1998 Bryansk
Andriy Skvaruk Ukraine 27 April 2002 Kyiv
25 82.58 m (270 ft 11 in) Primož Kozmus Slovenia 02 September 2009 Celje

Annulled marks

Women

  • Correct as of August 2023.[14]
Ath.#Perf.#MarkAthleteNationDatePlaceRef.
1182.98 m (272 ft 2 in)Anita Włodarczyk Poland28 August 2016Warsaw[15]
282.87 m (271 ft 10 in)Włodarczyk #229 July 2017Władysławowo
382.29 m (269 ft 11 in)Włodarczyk #315 August 2016Rio de Janeiro
481.08 m (266 ft 0 in)Włodarczyk #401 August 2015Władysławowo
580.85 m (265 ft 3 in)Włodarczyk #527 August 2015Beijing
680.79 m (265 ft 0 in)Włodarczyk #623 July 2017Białystok
2780.31 m (263 ft 5 in)DeAnna Price United States26 June 2021Eugene[16]
880.26 m (263 ft 3 in)Włodarczyk #712 July 2016Władysławowo
3980.16 m (262 ft 11 in)Brooke Andersen United States20 May 2023Tucson[17]
1079.80 m (261 ft 9 in)Włodarczyk #815 August 2017Warsaw
1179.80 m (261 ft 9 in)Andersen #220 April 2023Charlottesville[18]
1279.73 m (261 ft 6 in)Włodarczyk #906 May 2017Doha
1379.72 m (261 ft 6 in)Włodarczyk #1027 June 2017Ostrava
1479.61 m (261 ft 2 in)Włodarczyk #1118 June 2016Szczecin
1579.59 m (261 ft 1 in)Włodarczyk #1222 July 2018Lublin
1679.58 m (261 ft 1 in)Włodarczyk #1331 August 2014Berlin
1779.48 m (260 ft 9 in)Włodarczyk #1421 May 2016Halle
1879.45 m (260 ft 7 in)Włodarczyk #1529 May 2016Forbach
41979.42 m (260 ft 6 in)Betty Heidler Germany21 May 2011Halle
2079.02 m (259 ft 3 in)Andersen #330 April 2022Tucson[19]
2178.96 m (259 ft 0 in)Andersen #417 July 2022Eugene[20]
2278.94 m (258 ft 11 in)Włodarczyk #1612 August 2018Berlin
2378.79 m (258 ft 5 in)Andersen #506 June 2023Bydgoszcz [21]
2478.76 m (258 ft 4 in)Włodarczyk #1715 August 2014Zürich
2578.74 m (258 ft 4 in)Włodarczyk #1814 July 2018London
5 78.62 m (257 ft 11 in) Camryn Rogers Canada 26 May 2023 Westwood [22]
6 78.51 m (257 ft 6 in)Tatyana Lysenko Russia05 July 2012Cheboksary
7 78.00 m (255 ft 10 in) Janee' Kassanavoid United States 21 May 2022 Tucson [23]
8 77.78 m (255 ft 2 in) Gwen Berry United States 08 June 2018 Chorzów [24]
9 77.68 m (254 ft 10 in) Wang Zheng China 29 March 2014 Chengdu
10 77.33 m (253 ft 8 in) Zhang Wenxiu China 28 September 2014 Incheon
11 77.32 m (253 ft 8 in) Aksana Miankova Belarus 29 June 2008 Minsk
12 77.26 m (253 ft 5 in) Gulfiya Agafonova Russia 12 June 2006 Tula
13 77.13 m (253 ft 0 in) Oksana Kondratyeva Russia 30 June 2013 Zhukovskiy
14 77.10 m (252 ft 11 in) Hanna Skydan  Azerbaijan 23 August 2023 Budapest [25]
15 76.90 m (252 ft 3 in) Martina Hrašnová Slovakia 16 May 2009 Trnava
16 76.85 m (252 ft 1 in) Malwina Kopron Poland 26 August 2017 Taipei City [26]
17 76.83 m (252 ft 0 in) Kamila Skolimowska Poland 11 May 2007 Doha
18 76.72 m (251 ft 8 in) Mariya Bespalova Russia 23 June 2012 Zhukovsky
19 76.66 m (251 ft 6 in) Volha Tsander Belarus 21 July 2005 Minsk
20 76.63 m (251 ft 4 in) Yekaterina Khoroshikh Russia 24 June 2006 Zhukovsky
21 76.62 m (251 ft 4 in) Yipsi Moreno Cuba 09 September 2008 Zagreb
22 76.56 m (251 ft 2 in) Alena Matoshka Belarus 12 June 2012 Minsk
23 76.35 m (250 ft 5 in) Joanna Fiodorow Poland 28 September 2019 Doha [27]
24 76.33 m (250 ft 5 in) Darya Pchelnik Belarus 29 June 2008 Minsk
25 76.26 m (250 ft 2 in) Hanna Malyshik Belarus 27 April 2018 Brest

Annulled marks

The following athletes had their performances (over 77.00 m) annulled due to doping offences:

Olympic medalists

Men

Games Gold Silver Bronze
1900 Paris
John Flanagan
 United States
Truxtun Hare
 United States
Josiah McCracken
 United States
1904 St. Louis
John Flanagan
 United States
John DeWitt
 United States
Ralph Rose
 United States
1908 London
John Flanagan
 United States
Matt McGrath
 United States
Con Walsh
 Canada
1912 Stockholm
Matt McGrath
 United States
Duncan Gillis
 Canada
Clarence Childs
 United States
1920 Antwerp
Patrick Ryan
 United States
Carl Johan Lind
 Sweden
Basil Bennett
 United States
1924 Paris
Fred Tootell
 United States
Matt McGrath
 United States
Malcolm Nokes
 Great Britain
1928 Amsterdam
Pat O'Callaghan
 Ireland
Ossian Skiöld
 Sweden
Edmund Black
 United States
1932 Los Angeles
Pat O'Callaghan
 Ireland
Ville Pörhölä
 Finland
Peter Zaremba
 United States
1936 Berlin
Karl Hein
 Germany
Erwin Blask
 Germany
Fred Warngård
 Sweden
1948 London
Imre Németh
 Hungary
Ivan Gubijan
 Yugoslavia
Robert Bennett
 United States
1952 Helsinki
József Csermák
 Hungary
Karl Storch
 Germany
Imre Németh
 Hungary
1956 Melbourne
Hal Connolly
 United States
Mikhail Krivonosov
 Soviet Union
Anatoliy Samotsvetov
 Soviet Union
1960 Rome
Vasily Rudenkov
 Soviet Union
Gyula Zsivótzky
 Hungary
Tadeusz Rut
 Poland
1964 Tokyo
Romuald Klim
 Soviet Union
Gyula Zsivótzky
 Hungary
Uwe Beyer
 United Team of Germany
1968 Mexico City
Gyula Zsivótzky
 Hungary
Romuald Klim
 Soviet Union
Lázár Lovász
 Hungary
1972 Munich
Anatoliy Bondarchuk
 Soviet Union
Jochen Sachse
 East Germany
Vasiliy Khmelevskiy
 Soviet Union
1976 Montreal
Yuriy Sedykh
 Soviet Union
Aleksey Spiridonov
 Soviet Union
Anatoliy Bondarchuk
 Soviet Union
1980 Moscow
Yuriy Sedykh
 Soviet Union
Sergey Litvinov
 Soviet Union
Jüri Tamm
 Soviet Union
1984 Los Angeles
Juha Tiainen
 Finland
Karl-Hans Riehm
 West Germany
Klaus Ploghaus
 West Germany
1988 Seoul
Sergey Litvinov
 Soviet Union
Yuriy Sedykh
 Soviet Union
Jüri Tamm
 Soviet Union
1992 Barcelona
Andrey Abduvaliyev
 Unified Team
Igor Astapkovich
 Unified Team
Igor Nikulin
 Unified Team
1996 Atlanta
Balázs Kiss
 Hungary
Lance Deal
 United States
Oleksandr Krykun
 Ukraine
2000 Sydney
Szymon Ziółkowski
 Poland
Nicola Vizzoni
 Italy
Igor Astapkovich
 Belarus
2004 Athens
Koji Murofushi
 Japan
Not awarded[28] Eşref Apak
 Turkey
2008 Beijing
Primož Kozmus
 Slovenia
Vadim Devyatovskiy
 Belarus[29]
Ivan Tsikhan
 Belarus[29]
2012 London
Krisztián Pars
 Hungary
Primož Kozmus
 Slovenia
Koji Murofushi
 Japan
2016 Rio de Janeiro
Dilshod Nazarov
 Tajikistan
Ivan Tsikhan
 Belarus
Wojciech Nowicki
 Poland
2020 Tokyo
Wojciech Nowicki
 Poland
Eivind Henriksen
 Norway
Paweł Fajdek
 Poland
2024 Paris

Women

Games Gold Silver Bronze
2000 Sydney
Kamila Skolimowska
 Poland
Olga Kuzenkova
 Russia
Kirsten Münchow
 Germany
2004 Athens
Olga Kuzenkova
 Russia
Yipsi Moreno
 Cuba
Yunaika Crawford
 Cuba
2008 Beijing
Yipsi Moreno
 Cuba
Zhang Wenxiu
 China
Manuela Montebrun
 France
2012 London
Anita Włodarczyk
 Poland
Betty Heidler
 Germany
Zhang Wenxiu
 China
2016 Rio de Janeiro
Anita Włodarczyk
 Poland
Zhang Wenxiu
 China
Sophie Hitchon
 Great Britain
2020 Tokyo
Anita Włodarczyk
 Poland
Wang Zheng
 China
Malwina Kopron
 Poland
2024 Paris

World Championships medalists

Men

Championships Gold Silver Bronze
1983 Helsinki
 Sergey Litvinov (URS)  Yuriy Sedykh (URS)  Zdzisław Kwaśny (POL)
1987 Rome
 Sergey Litvinov (URS)  Jüri Tamm (URS)  Ralf Haber (GDR)
1991 Tokyo
 Yuriy Sedykh (URS)  Igor Astapkovich (URS)  Heinz Weis (GER)
1993 Stuttgart
 Andrey Abduvaliyev (TJK)  Igor Astapkovich (BLR)  Tibor Gécsek (HUN)
1995 Gothenburg
 Andrey Abduvaliyev (TJK)  Igor Astapkovich (BLR)  Tibor Gécsek (HUN)
1997 Athens
 Heinz Weis (GER)  Andriy Skvaruk (UKR)  Vasiliy Sidorenko (RUS)
1999 Seville
 Karsten Kobs (GER)  Zsolt Németh (HUN)  Vladyslav Piskunov (UKR)
2001 Edmonton
 Szymon Ziółkowski (POL)  Koji Murofushi (JPN)  Ilya Konovalov (RUS)
2003 Saint-Denis
 Ivan Tsikhan (BLR)  Adrián Annus (HUN)  Koji Murofushi (JPN)
2005 Helsinki
 Szymon Ziółkowski (POL)  Markus Esser (GER)  Olli-Pekka Karjalainen (FIN)
2007 Osaka
 Ivan Tsikhan (BLR)  Primož Kozmus (SLO)  Libor Charfreitag (SVK)
2009 Berlin
 Primož Kozmus (SLO)  Szymon Ziółkowski (POL)  Aleksey Zagornyi (RUS)
2011 Daegu
 Koji Murofushi (JPN)  Krisztián Pars (HUN)  Primož Kozmus (SLO)
2013 Moscow
 Paweł Fajdek (POL)  Krisztián Pars (HUN)  Lukáš Melich (CZE)
2015 Beijing
 Paweł Fajdek (POL)  Dilshod Nazarov (TJK)  Wojciech Nowicki (POL)
2017 London
 Paweł Fajdek (POL)  Valeriy Pronkin (ANA)  Wojciech Nowicki (POL)
2019 Doha
 Paweł Fajdek (POL)  Quentin Bigot (FRA)  Bence Halász (HUN)
 Wojciech Nowicki (POL)
2022 Eugene
 Paweł Fajdek (POL)  Wojciech Nowicki (POL)  Eivind Henriksen (NOR)
2023 Budapest
 Ethan Katzberg (CAN)  Wojciech Nowicki (POL)  Bence Halász (HUN)

Medal table

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Poland (POL)73414
2 Soviet Union (URS)3306
3 Belarus (BLR)2204
4 Germany (GER)2114
5 Tajikistan (TJK)2103
6 Japan (JPN)1113
 Slovenia (SLO)1113
8 Canada (CAN)1001
9 Hungary (HUN)0448
10 Ukraine (UKR)0112
11 France (FRA)0101
 Authorised Neutral Athletes (ANA)0101
12 Russia (RUS)0033
13 Czech Republic (CZE)0011
 East Germany (GDR)0011
 Finland (FIN)0011
 Norway (NOR)0011
 Slovakia (SVK)0011
Totals (17 entries)19192058

Women

Championships Gold Silver Bronze
1999 Seville
 Mihaela Melinte (ROU)  Olga Kuzenkova (RUS)  Lisa Misipeka (ASA)
2001 Edmonton
 Yipsi Moreno (CUB)  Olga Kuzenkova (RUS)  Bronwyn Eagles (AUS)
2003 Saint-Denis
 Yipsi Moreno (CUB)  Olga Kuzenkova (RUS)  Manuela Montebrun (FRA)
2005 Helsinki
 Yipsi Moreno (CUB)  Tatyana Lysenko (RUS)  Manuela Montebrun (FRA)
2007 Osaka
 Betty Heidler (GER)  Yipsi Moreno (CUB)  Zhang Wenxiu (CHN)
2009 Berlin
 Anita Włodarczyk (POL)  Betty Heidler (GER)  Martina Hrašnová (SVK)
2011 Daegu
 Tatyana Lysenko (RUS)  Betty Heidler (GER)  Zhang Wenxiu (CHN)
2013 Moscow
 Anita Włodarczyk (POL)  Zhang Wenxiu (CHN)  Wang Zheng (CHN)
2015 Beijing
 Anita Włodarczyk (POL)  Zhang Wenxiu (CHN)  Alexandra Tavernier (FRA)
2017 London
 Anita Włodarczyk (POL)  Wang Zheng (CHN)  Malwina Kopron (POL)
2019 Doha
 DeAnna Price (USA)  Joanna Fiodorow (POL)  Wang Zheng (CHN)
2022 Eugene
 Brooke Andersen (USA)  Camryn Rogers (CAN)  Janee' Kassanavoid (USA)
2023 Budapest
 Camryn Rogers (CAN)  Janee' Kassanavoid (USA)  DeAnna Price (USA)

Season's bests

See also

Notes and references

  1. "Hammer Throw". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  2. "Hammer Throw". World Athletics. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  3. Johannsen, Dana (1 August 2021). "Tokyo 2020: Why the Olympic hammer throw may become a new national obsession". Stuff. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  4. "Hammer Throw". World Athletics.
  5. "Laying Out Sector Angles for the Track and Field Throwing Events" (PDF). USA Track & Field Pacific Northwest. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2022. The shot, discus, hammer & weight throw sector is 34.92º. This angle was chosen due to its simple geometry.
  6. "Yuriy Sedykh, hammer world record holder, dies at 66". AP News. 14 September 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  7. Horváth, Gábor; Hegedűs, Dénes; Slíz-Balogh, Judit (27 June 2023). "Change of world-record rankings of shot put and hammer throw due to the effects of Earth rotation and athlete's height". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 10409. Bibcode:2023NatSR..1310409H. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36665-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10300113. PMID 37369722. S2CID 259273858.
  8. Academy, U. S. Sports (9 July 2010). "An Analysis of Hammer Throw Facility Safety Factors in NCAA Division I". The Sport Journal. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  9. "Catastrophic Injuries Pull Focus On Field Event Safety". Athletic Business. 29 December 2008. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  10. Laruel, Benoit; Wilson, Denis; Young, Ray (2004). "Hammer throw safety cages". New Studies in Athletics. 19 (1): 47–51.
  11. "All-time men's best hammer throw". IAAF. 7 May 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  12. Phil Minshull (9 August 2015). "Fajdek throws 83.93m in Szczecin". IAAF. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  13. Roy Jordan (21 June 2021). "Bromell back to his best while Felix and Winkler make history in Eugene". World Athletics. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  14. "All-time women's best hammer throw". World Athletics. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  15. "Wlodarczyk extends hammer world record in Warsaw". IAAF. 28 August 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  16. Roy Jordan (27 June 2021). "Holloway, Thomas, Benjamin and Price shine on superb day in Eugene". World Athletics. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  17. 2023 USATF Throws Fest - Womens Hammer Throw - results
  18. "Hammer Throw Result" (PDF). Flash Results. 20 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
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