Hans-Joachim Klein

Hans-Joachim Klein (German: [ˈhans joˈʔaxɪm ˈklaɪn] ⓘ; 21 December 1947 – 9 November 2022) was a German left-wing militant and a member of the Revolutionary Cells group. His nom de guerre was "Angie". In 1975, Klein participated in an attack on OPEC headquarters in Vienna organized by the international terrorist "Carlos the Jackal", in which he was seriously injured. He publicly renounced political violence two years later. After decades in hiding, he was arrested in 1998, prosecuted for his role in the OPEC attack, and sentenced to nine years of imprisonment. He was paroled in 2003.

This article is about the German left-wing militant. For the swimmer, see Hans-Joachim Klein (swimmer).

Biography

Childhood

Born on 21 December 1947,[1] Klein came from a working-class background.[2] His mother was imprisoned in Ravensbrück concentration camp for Rassenschande ("racial pollution") during World War II. She killed herself a few months after Klein was born and he spent some time in a foster home after her death.[3] Klein was physically abused by his father, who took custody of him again after he remarried.[3][4] For most of his life Klein believed incorrectly that his father had been an SS member and his mother had been Jewish.[5]

Activism and violence

In the 1970s Klein worked for the legal Red Army Faction (RAF) prisoner support group Red Aid (Rote Hilfe) in Frankfurt and subsequently for the RAF lawyer Klaus Croissant in Stuttgart.[6] At one point he shared a Frankfurt commune with Joschka Fischer and Daniel Cohn-Bendit.[7] Klein was member of the Frankurt Cleaning Squad.[8][9] He served as Jean-Paul Sartre's chauffeur when Sartre visited the imprisoned Andreas Baader in December 1974.[6] He joined the Revolutionäre Zellen (RZ, "Revolutionary Cells") in 1975.[10] Klein has described Holger Meins' death on hunger strike as inspiring his turn to violence; he carried a photo of Meins' emaciated body in his wallet.[2] He took part in the 1975 attack organized by Carlos the Jackal on an OPEC conference in Vienna, in which three people were killed and Klein himself shot in the stomach.[11]

Klein renounced terrorism in 1977, sending a letter to Der Spiegel (with his gun enclosed) in which he warned of planned RZ attacks on two leaders of the German Jewish community.[3][12] He then went underground, hiding from his former comrades as well as the police.[12] Klein further explained his change of views in a 1978 interview with the French journalist Jean-Marcel Bouguereau and a 1979 book entitled Mercenary Death, for which Cohn-Bendit wrote the foreword.[11]

In 1995, Klein was tracked down and interviewed (in disguise) by Daniel Leconte for French television.[13]

Arrest and subsequent events

After spending two decades in hiding, mostly in France, in September 1998 he was apprehended in the Normandy village of Sainte-Honorine-la-Guillaume, where he had been living for five years.[3][11][14] After his arrest several German and French public figures, including Cohn-Bendit, Bouguereau, and André Glucksmann, stated publicly that they had been aware of Klein's location and had assisted him during his time in hiding.[11] Eighteen months after his arrest Klein was extradited to Germany to stand trial for his role in the OPEC attack.[15]

At trial Klein admitted participating in the attack, but denied having killed anyone.[15] He also testified that Libya had assisted in the raid, giving the attackers weapons and information on the conference's security arrangements.[14] Joschka Fischer, then Germany's Foreign Minister, testified at his trial as a character witness; his presence intensified the controversy then playing out over his radical past.[16][17] In February 2001, after a four-month trial, Klein was convicted of murder, attempted murder, and hostage taking, and sentenced to nine years in prison.[15] The prosecution had asked for 14 years, but Klein was given a lighter sentence because he provided authorities with information about other participants in the attack.[15] In 2003 he was released on parole and returned to Normandy.[14]

Klein was the subject of the 2006 documentary My Life as a Terrorist, directed by Alexander Oey.[18] He also appeared in the 2007 documentaries Protagonist[19] and Terror's Advocate.[20] He was portrayed by Christoph Bach in the 2010 French television miniseries Carlos.[21]

Personal life and death

Klein was married to a French woman and had two children.[3] He died on 9 November 2022, at age 74.[22]

Citations
  1. Schröm, Oliver (2002). Im Schatten des Schakals: Carlos und die Wegbereiter des internationalen Terrorismus. ISBN 978-3-86153-245-3.
  2. Varon 231
  3. Friedrichsen, Gisela (6 November 2000). "Niemand setzt mich unter Druck". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  4. Reich, Walter (1998). Origins of terrorism: psychologies, ideologies, theologies, states of mind. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-943875-89-7.
  5. Follain 78
  6. Varon, Jeremy (2004). Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies. University of California Press. p. 268.
  7. Kundnani, Hans (2009). Utopia Or Auschwitz: Germany's 1968 Generation and the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 114.
  8. Reinecke, S. (4 April 2013). "„Stern" über Fischers Vergangenheit: Beim Putzen erwischt". Die Tageszeitung: taz (in German). ISSN 0931-9085. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  9. Gebauer, Matthias (15 January 2001). "Terror vor 25 Jahren: Was verbindet Joschka Fischer mit Hans-Joachim Klein?". Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  10. Smith, J. and André Moncourt, ed. (2009). The Red Army Faction, A Documentary History – Volume 1: Projectiles For the People. PM Press. p. 569.
  11. Whitney, Craig R. (14 September 1998). "Suspect Aided by French Intellectuals". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  12. Follain, John. Jackal: the Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist, Carlos the Jackal. New York: Arcade Pub., 1998. pp. 110.
  13. This was part of a two-episode documentary about Carlos the Jackal called The Carlos Years. Excerpts are among the DVD "Special Features" of the TV miniseries Carlos (2010).
  14. AFP (8 March 2009). "Hesse pardons 'Carlos the Jackal' comrade". The Local. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  15. "German Unrest Recalled as a Former Terrorist Gets 9 Years". The New York Times. 16 February 2001. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  16. Connolly, Kate (16 February 2001). "Nine years in jail for Jackal helper". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 April 2010.
  17. Cohen, Roger (17 January 2001). "German Foreign Minister Gives Testimony in Murder Trial". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  18. Southern, Nathan (26 October 2012). "My Life as a Terrorist: The Story of Hans-Joachim Klein (2006)". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  19. Holden, Stephen (30 November 2007). "Men Behaving Extremely, With True Believers' Passion". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  20. "Terror's Advocate: Acting Credits". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2012. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  21. "Christoph Bach". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  22. Boscher, François (10 November 2022). "Hans-Joachim Klein, l'ancien terroriste membre du commando Carlos, est décédé". Ouest-France. Retrieved 10 November 2022.

General and cited references
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