Harold Whittingham

Air Marshal Sir Harold Edward Whittingham KCB KBE FRCP FRCPE (3 October 1887 – 16 July 1983) was a British physician notable for a distinguished medical career in the Royal Air Force and contributions to Aviation medicine. After graduating from the University of Glasgow, he was the first pathologist and Assistant Director of Research at the Beatson Institute for Cancer Research in Glasgow.[1]

Portrait by Francis Ernest Jackson, 1945

Much of his work concerned, pathology, disease, aerospace medicine, medical records, medical education, first aid, malaria, tropical medicine, physiology and occupational health.[2]

Early life

Whittingham was the second son of Engineer-Rear Admiral William Whittingham CB and Elizabeth Annie, and like his siblings he chose to study medicine. He was educated at Christ's Hospital,[3] the Greenock Academy and the University of Glasgow.[4] As an undergraduate he excelled at winning medals of distinction in Zoology, Surgery, Pathology and the Gairdner medal in the practice of medicine.[4]

His first post in 1910 was as pathologist and assistant director of research at the Royal Cancer Hospital, Glasgow, (later renamed to the Beaston Institute) which had a dedicated area for the pathological study of cancer.[5]

In 1915 he was a volunteer in the first world war serving in the Royal Army Medical Corps and subsequently the Royal Flying Corps in India and Mesopotamia where he pursued his studies in tropical medicine.[4] In 1917 his younger brother Clive, who was also a physician, was killed in action followed by his elder brother William, who was killed in action in 1918.[4]

RAF

Tropical medicine

Whittingham had a long career in the RAF beginning in 1918 when he was transferred to the Royal Air Force as a pathologist.[6] Promotion followed and by 1923, he was Wing commander and head of the Sandfly fever commission, stationed at Kalafrana, Malta.[7] He was the first to study and breed sandfly in captivity; his recommendations resulted in reduced incidence of sandfly fever within the RAF.[8]

For his sandfly research paper he was awarded the North Persian Medal in 1923 which was awarded annually for the best tropical research paper.[9] His highly detailed sandfly drawings were displayed at the British Empire Exhibition of 1924 and are now in the Wellcome Library in London.[2] As well as serving as director of pathology and tropical medicines for the RAF, he gave biochemistry lectures at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine during the inter-war years.

Aviation medicine

From 1927 to 1939 he was a pathologist at the Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital[6] and in 1930 he was awarded the CBE. In 1932 he became Group captain and from 1934 until 1939 was the commanding officer of the RAF Central Medical Establishment, promoted to Air commodore in 1936. He took the Membership of the Royal College of Physicians in 1936 and was elected FRCP in 1940.

From 1938 until 1946 he held the appointment of honorary physician to the king.[6][10]
He was given a knighthood at the beginning of World War II.[4] Many of his lecture notes, drawings and cartoons were implemented into Air Ministry booklets such as Health Hints for Warm Climates and distributed for the well-being of British servicemen.[2] Lessons learnt from the second world war indicated that there was a requirement for studying the effects of aviation on aircrew and in 1943 he proposed the establishment of the RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine (IAM). He was successful and it was eventually built on a corner of Farnborough airfield and officially opened by the Princess Royal in 1945.[6][11]

Problems with exposure to altitude in flying such as hypoxia had already been recognised and with future high altitude aircraft such as English Electric Canberra being envisaged, the IAM played an important role in altitude protection. They covered both military and commercial issues such as determining the safe maximum cabin altitude for commercial passenger aircraft.[12]

Post Second World War

He was made Legion of Merit commander USA[13] and Order of Polonia Restitutain 1945[14] retiring from the RAF in 1946 to become medical adviser to the British Red Cross Society where his expertise was used for military and civilian first aid manuals.[2] In 1948 he joined BOAC as director of medical services where he worked for the next decade. In 1949 he was appointed chairman of the Air Ministry Flying Personnel Research Committee, whose brief was to advise the Secretary of State for Air on all aspects of research concerning flight safety.[15] Whittingham and his colleagues travelled the world examining medical facilities, sanitation and food supplies in BOAC stations and made reports and recommendations for improvement.[2] During his career he made significant contributions toward investigating medical evidence from aircraft crashes;[16] most significantly, the Comet disasters.[17] The findings of the Comet team led by Group Captain Bill Stewart demonstrated the need for research trained, medical specialists and this led to the formation of the RAF Department of Aviation Pathology.[12] In 1955, a conference was held from which the Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology was formed consisting of members from the flying services of the US, Canada and Britain.[18]

Whittingham, a BMA member, was held in high esteem by his peers and in 1973, the RCP professorship of aviation medicine was renamed the Whittingham professorship "in honour of his outstanding leadership in this field".[8]

Honours

During his career, he gained the following honours:[8][3]

  • MB ChB Glasg (1910)
  • DPH (1919)
  • DTM&H (1920)
  • North Persian Memorial Medal (1923)[9]
  • Chadwick Gold Medal (1925)
  • FRFPSG (1926)
  • MRCP (1927)
  • CBE (1930)
  • KBE (1941)
  • KCB (1944)
  • Hon LLD Glasg (1943)
  • John Jeffries Institute of Aeronautical Sciences (1944)[19]
  • FRCPE (1945)
  • Hon FRCSE (1945)
  • Order of Polonia Restituta (1945)
  • USA Legion of Merit (Commander) (1945)[13]
  • Order of St. Olav(1945)
  • FRCP (1946)
  • Stewart memorial award (1970)

References
  1. Currie A (1998). "The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research and Dr John Paul". Br J Cancer Suppl. 9: 2–3. PMC 2149102.
  2. "Whittingham, Sir Harold E., 1887–1983, Air Marshal archive". Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  3. BMJ (30 July 1983). "Air Marshall Sir Harold Whittingham". British Medical Journal. 287 (6388): 369–70. doi:10.1136/bmj.287.6388.369. PMC 1548559.
  4. "Captain (Temporary Commission) Harold Edward Whittingham". University of Glasgow. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  5. "A brief history". NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde. NHSGGC. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  6. "Historical information record".
  7. "Medical Officers of the Malta Garrison 1923". British Army Medical Services. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  8. "Lives of the fellows". Royal College of Physicians of London. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  9. "North Persian Forces memorial medal". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 18 (3): 146. 1924. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(24)80012-3. ISSN 0035-9203.
  10. British Overseas Airways Corporation (1957). B.O.A.C. Review. BOAC Public Relations Department.
  11. William Munk (1984). The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London: Continued to 1983. ISBN 978-0-904147-68-1.
  12. Royal Airforce Historical Society - Journal 43 2008 ISN: 1361 4231
  13. "Legion of Merit USA". The London Gazette. 28 December 1945. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  14. "Polonia Restituta". The London Gazette. 12 June 1945. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  15. "Flying Personnel Research Committee". Hansard. millbanksystems. 6 February 1958. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  16. Mary Roach (6 September 2012). Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-0-241-96501-6.
  17. Armstrong JA, Fryer DI, Stewart WK, Whittingham HE (1955). "Interpretation of injuries in the Comet aircraft disasters; an experimental approach". Lancet. 268 (6875): 1135–44. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(55)90641-3. PMID 14382517.
  18. Peter J. Stevens (12 May 2014). Fatal Civil Aircraft Accidents: Their Medical and Pathological Investigation. Elsevier. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-1-4831-9331-1.
  19. Aero Digest. Aeronautical Digest Publishing Corporation. October 1944.
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