Harriton v Stephens

Harriton v Stephens,[1] was a decision of the High Court of Australia handed down on 9 May 2006, in which the court dismissed a "wrongful life" claim brought by a disabled woman seeking the right to compensation for being born after negligent medical advice that resulted in her mother's pregnancy not being terminated.[2][3]

Harriton v Stephens
CourtHigh Court of Australia
Full case nameAlexia Harriton (by her tutor George Harriton); Appellant v Paul Richard Stevens; Respondent
Decided9 May 2006
Citation(s)[2006] HCA 15, (2006) 226 CLR 52
Case history
Prior action(s)
Court membership
Judge(s) sittingGleeson CJ, Gummow, Kirby, Hayne, Callinan, Heydon & Crennan JJ
Case opinions
(5:1) The doctor did not owe the child a duty of care. (per Gleeson CJ, Gummow, Callinan, Heydon & Crennan JJ; Hayne J not deciding; Kirby J dissenting) (6:1) The common law test for damages for negligence is incapable of application to a situation where the comparison is between life with disabilities and a state of non-existence. (per Gleeson CJ, Gummow, Hayne, Callinan, Heydon & Crennan JJ; Kirby J dissenting)

Background

Facts

The appellant, Alexia Harriton, was a 25-year-old woman with severe congenital disabilities that had been caused by her mother's infection with the rubella virus while pregnant with her.[4] These disabilities left Harriton unable to care for herself.[5]

The defendant, Paul Richard Stephens, was the doctor of Harriton's mother while she was pregnant. After conducting and reviewing pathological tests, Dr Stephens advised the mother that she did not have the rubella virus.[6] Harriton's mother claimed that she would have had her pregnancy terminated had she known of the chances of having a disabled child.[2]

Litigation history

Harriton sued Dr Stephens in the Supreme Court of New South Wales, claiming that Dr Stephens failed to exercise reasonable care in his treatment of her mother, and but for that failure her mother would have terminated her pregnancy and Harriton would not have been born.[7] The judge hearing the action, Justice Tim Studdert, dismissed the action as well as two other wrongful life cases brought at the same time.

Two of the three wrongful life cases dismissed by Justice Studdert (Harriton and Waller v James[8]) were appealed to the New South Wales Court of Appeal (an appellate division of the Supreme Court). The Court of Appeal, by a majority of 2–1 dismissed both appeals. According to Chief Justice James Spigelman, the proposition that the duty of doctor to an unborn child extended to conduct that, properly performed, would lead to the termination of the pregnancy "should not be accepted as it does not reflect values generally, or even widely, held in the community."[9][10]

High Court appeal

On 29 April 2005, Harriton and Waller were granted special leave to appeal to the High Court.[11] Their appeals were heard together on 10 November 2005.[12] Bret Walker acted as senior counsel for Harriton instructed by Maurice Blackburn Cashman; Blake Dawson acted for Stephens with Stephen Gageler as senior counsel.

The High Court decided on 9 May 2006, by a 6–1 majority, to dismiss Harriton's appeal.[1] Waller's appeal was dismissed on the same day with the majority in that judgment following the reasons in Harriton's appeal.[13] The leading judgment was written by Justice Crennan, with whom Chief Justice Gleeson and Justices Gummow and Heydon concurred, giving her reasons majority support.[14] Justices Callinan and Hayne wrote separate judgments agreeing to dismiss the appeal, while Justice Kirby dissented.[15]

Reaction to judgment

Press reaction

The High Court's judgment was reported in the media as a "landmark case".[16] Richard Ackland, a journalist and lawyer,[17] criticised the judgment in the Sydney Morning Herald, arguing:

What the majority position fails to accommodate is that there is a new modern order. Medical technology can detect abnormalities at very early stages of the development of a foetus. Good medical practice regularly results in the non-existence of human beings. What has been created by way of Alexia [Harriton] and Keeden [Waller] is precisely what the doctors were engaged to prevent being created.[18]

Academic reaction

Margaret Fordham, a legal academic, wrote after the judgment that for wrongful life claims to gain acceptance, "the courts would have to undergo a complete change of heart with respect to the moral and ethical implications of such actions".[19] Academics Evelyn Ellis and Brenda McGivern referred to the judgment as an emphatic rejection of claims for wrongful life and compared the judgment to similar rejections of wrongful life claims by courts in the United Kingdom.[20]

The outcome of the judgment was criticised in the Sydney Law Review, which concluded:

Logic might have demanded the outcome reached by the High Court in Harriton, but fairness demands another.[21]

Dean Stretton, a lawyer writing in the Melbourne University Law Review, claimed that the High Court's judgment "regressed", "depriving the plaintiffs of a legally justified remedy by resort to inconsistent logic and ill-considered policy".[22]

References

Footnotes
  1. Harriton v Stephens [2006] HCA 15, (2006) 226 CLR 52 (9 May 2006), High Court.
  2. Shiel, Fergus (10 May 2006). "Court says life is not a sentence". The Age. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  3. Pelly, Michael (10 May 2006). "Suing for disability ruled out". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  4. [2006] HCA 15 See Crennan J at [210].
  5. [2006] HCA 15 See Crennan J at [212].
  6. [2006] HCA 15 See Crennan J at [211].
  7. [2006] HCA 15 See Kirby J at [21] and [22].
  8. Harriton v Stephens [2002] NSWSC 461, Supreme Court (NSW).
  9. Walmsley, Abadee & Zipser 2007, p. 293
  10. Harriton v Stephens [2004] NSWCA 93, (2004) 59 NSWLR 694, NSW Court of Appeal per Spigelman CJ at [21].
  11. [2005] HCATrans 301
  12. [2005] HCATrans 918
  13. Waller v James [2006] HCA 16, (2006) 226 CLR 136, High Court.
  14. Ellis & McGivern 2007, p. 149
  15. Walmsley, Abadee & Zipser 2007, p. 294
  16. "Wrongful life decision". Radio National. 10 May 2006. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  17. "Richard Ackland returns to ABC Radio National this summer". ABC. 2 December 2003. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  18. Ackland, Richard (12 May 2006). "Justice missing in wrongful life cases". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  19. Fordham 2007, p. 149
  20. Ellis & McGivern 2007, p. 135 (headnote)
  21. Grey, Alice. "Harriton v Stephens: Life, Logic and Legal Fictions". (2006) 28(3) Sydney Law Review 545 ISSN 0082-0512
  22. Stretton, Dean. "Wrongful life and the logic of non-existence". (2006) 30(3) Melbourne University Law Review 972 ISSN 0025-8938

Cited texts
  • Ellis, Evelyn; McGivern, Brenda (2007). "The wrongfulness or rightfulness of actions for wrongful life". Tort Law Review. North Ryde, NSW: Law Book Co. 15: 135. ISSN 1039-3285.
  • Fordham, Margaret (2007). "A life less ordinary—The rejection of actions for wrongful life". Torts Law Journal. North Ryde, NSW: Law Book Co. 15: 123. ISSN 1038-5967.
  • Walmsley, Stephen; Abadee, Alister; Zipser, Ben (2007). Professional liability in Australia (2nd ed.). NSW: Lawbook Co. ISBN 978-0-455-22425-1.
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