Hat reform

Before the law, citizens of different religions continued to wear different headdresses and clothes, as in the Ottoman Empire. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who wanted to eliminate religious differences in clothing, brought up the issue of wearing a hat during his trip to İnebolu and Kastamonu in the summer of 1925. He wore a wide-brimmed white hat in Kastamonu on 24 August. The reason why he wore the hat for the first time in Kastamonu; he explained that he was known in other provinces with a uniform or a fez, and he preferred the hat because they would see him for the first time in Kastamonu.[4]

Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who went to İnebolu the next day, made the historical “Hat Speech” in this district.[5] On August 27, 1925, he addressed the people in the "Turkish Hearths", saying, “They call this headgear a hat,” and ensured the abandonment of expressions such as "civilized hat", which were used until that time.[6] In his speech, he said, “Like a Redingote, a bonnet, a tuxedo, here's your hat! There are those who say that it is not permissible. Let me tell them that they are very heedless and very ignorant, and I would like to ask them: "It is permissible to wear the Greek fez, but it is not to wear the hat? I would like to remind them, the whole nation, that when they wear the robe, which is the guise of Byzantine priests and Jewish rabbis, for what and how did they wear it?".[5]

When Mustafa Kemal Pasha returned to Ankara on September 1, it was seen that those who came to greet him were wearing hats. On September 2, the decree of the council of ministers numbered 2431, which obliges civil servants to wear hats, was issued. On the same day, by the decree of the Council of Ministers, people other than clergy were prohibited from wearing robes and turbans.

On October 16, 1925, Konya member of parliament Refik Bey and his acquaintances presented the proposal for the law on wearing hats to the parliament. The proposal began to be discussed in the parliament on 25 October. In the justification of the law, it was emphasized that the turban and fez symbolized backwardness, so it should be changed. Bursa member of parliament Nureddin Pasha, claiming that this law is unconstitutional and demanding that the proposal be withdrawn, caused great debates to be taken place in the parliament. In addition to those who claimed that the dress of the society could not be determined by laws, there were also those who claimed that this law would facilitate the separation of religion and state affairs. As a result of the voting in which only Nureddin Pasha and Ergani member of parliament İhsan Bey voted against, the law was passed by the parliament.[1]

The law caused protests in various Anatolian provinces. On the day the law was passed, there were protest demonstrations in Erzurum and martial law was declared in this province for a month. Among those arrested, 13 people were sentenced to death.[7] On 25 November, all the mukhtars of the city were arrested for hanging posters and leaflets against hats on the walls in Sivas; those who were found not guilty were acquitted; Imamzade Mehmet Necati Efendi and Abdurrahman Efendi were sentenced to death. Hacı Sabit Civelek, imam of the Merkez Mosque in the Güneysu region of Rize, said, "If your father puts a hat on his head, his murder is obligatory! You will shoot him! And if your mother is a widow, you will bring her on your back!". He started the revolt in the region with these words.[8]

Ziya Hurşit telegraphed the situation to Ankara, as the rebels, who wanted to wear traditional Laz clothes rather than "religious bigotry", marched towards the centre of Rize. Thereupon, the cruiser Hamidiye sailed to Rize to intimidate. With the cruiser's arrival in the city, most of the rebels surrendered and 143 people were arrested as a result of the events that lasted for about ten days. Since 8 of those arrested were illiterate, they could not defend themselves and were executed. Of the 8 people, 3 were hanged in front of the Tan Hotel, 3 in the municipal park and 2 at the beginning of the pier. Dozens of detainees were decided to be imprisoned in Adana and Sinop.[9] In Marash, those who gathered around the Kahramanmaraş Grand Mosque shouting "We don't want hats" were arrested, and 5 people were sentenced to death. In Istanbul, especially in Fatih district, many people accused of inciting the people to revolt with their speeches, and were arrested and subsequently tried in Ankara.[10]