Haworth projection

In chemistry, a Haworth projection is a common way of writing a structural formula to represent the cyclic structure of monosaccharides with a simple three-dimensional perspective. Haworth projection approximate the shapes of the actual molecules better for furanoses -which are in reality nearly planar- than for pyranoses which exist in solution in the chair conformation.[1] Organic chemistry and especially biochemistry are the areas of chemistry that use the Haworth projection the most.

Haworth projection of the structures for α-D-glucopyranose and α-L-glucopyranose.

The Haworth projection was named after the British chemist Sir Norman Haworth.[2]

A Haworth projection has the following characteristics:[3]

• Carbon is the implicit type of atom. In the example on the right, the atoms numbered from 1 to 6 are all carbon atoms. Carbon 1 is known as the anomeric carbon.
• Hydrogen atoms on carbon are implicit. In the example, atoms 1 to 6 have extra hydrogen atoms not depicted.
• A thicker line indicates atoms that are closer to the observer. In the example on the right, atoms 2 and 3 (and their corresponding OH groups) are the closest to the observer. Atoms 1 and 4 are farther from the observer. Atom 5 and the other atoms are the farthest.
• The groups below the plane of the ring in Haworth projections correspond to those on the right-hand side of a Fischer projection. This rule does not apply to the groups on the two ring carbons bonded to the endocyclic oxygen atom. combined with hydrogen.