Heinkel HeS 011

Starting in 1936, Junkers started a jet engine development project under the direction of Wagner and Müller, who worked on axial compressor designs. By 1940 they had progressed to the point of having a semi-working prototype, which could not run under its own power and required an external supply of compressed air.

Meanwhile, Hans Mauch, in charge of engine development at the RLM, decided that all engine development should take place at existing engine companies. In keeping with this new policy, he forced Junkers to divest itself of their internal engine teams. Müller and half of the existing Junkers team decamped and were happily accepted by Ernst Heinkel, who had started German jet development when he set up a lab for Hans von Ohain in 1937. The two teams worked on their designs in parallel for some time, von Ohain's as the HeS 8 (or 109-001), and the Junkers team as the HeS 30 (109-006). Heinkel's efforts were later re-organized at Hirth Motoren.

Helmut Schelp, who had taken over from Mauch, felt that the BMW 003 and Junkers Jumo 004 would reach production at about the same power levels long before either of the Heinkel projects would be ready, and cancelled both of them. He outlined a new development plan with three engine classes; the 003 and 004 were "Class 1" engines of under 1000 kg thrust suitable for small fighters, but only really useful in twin-engine designs. Schelp was much more interested developing a "Class II" engine of 1000–2000 kg, larger designs able to power a full-sized fighter design with a single engine. Schelp was also interested in seeing one of his own pet projects, the diagonal compressor, adopted. Schelp had earlier convinced Heinkel to put some effort into another pet project of his, a twin-compressor single-turbine turboprop, but had given up on this and instead offered Heinkel his new concept as a consolation prize.

A Riedel two-stroke APU motor, which was installed atop the 011's intake passage for starting the turbojet

In some ways, the HeS 011 can be considered a combination of the two teams' designs, a three-stage axial compressor from Müller's team, combined with a single-stage centrifugal compressor from von Ohain's, the two driven by a single two-stage turbine. The engine operated at somewhat higher thrust levels, about 12 kN (2,700 lb_f), as opposed to about 7.8–8.8 kN (1,800–2,000 lb_f) thrust for the 003 and 004 respectively. The 011 shared two features with the Jumo 004, with an engine-mounted Riedel two-stroke engine functioning as an APU to get the central shaft turning during engine startup, but mounted above the intake orifice within a Heinkel-crafted prefabricated sheet-metal intake passage instead of inside the intake diverter as the 004 had done, and also had a variable geometry exhaust nozzle, with a restrictive body of differing aerodynamic shape to the 004's Zwiebel (onion) unit, that likewise traveled fore and aft in the nozzle to vary the thrust.[1] Plans were also made for a turboprop version, the HeS 021, but the workload at Heinkel was so high that this project was later given to Daimler-Benz to complete.

Prototypes were available in 1944, and tested using a Heinkel He 111 bomber, mounting the engine on the external hardpoints under the fuselage. Over the next year, practically all German aircraft designers based their projects on the 011, very much as had been done only a year or two previously with projected piston-engined designs, such as those of the twin-engined Bomber B program, widely based on the equally experimental Junkers Jumo 222 twenty-four cylinder powerplant. Advanced high-output (>1,500 kW) aviation piston engines and more advanced turbojets proved to be something the German aviation engine industry would have considerable challenges developing into combat-reliable engines throughout the war years. As a result, and like the nearly three hundred experimental examples built of the complex Jumo 222 piston engine, the HeS 011 turbojet never entered production, with only 19 prototypes built in total. One of these was mounted in the Messerschmitt Me P.1101 that was taken to the United States, forming the basis of the Bell X-5.

In all, only nineteen HeS 011s were completed.[2] Two museum-preserved examples survive in the United States: one at the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force in Dayton, Ohio, and one at the EAA Aviation Museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. The Spanish INI patented in 1951 a similar design (ES197663),[3] on exhibition at Cuatro Vientos Air Museum in Madrid.

109-011 V1

Initial prototype, delivering 10.9 kN (2459 lbf) thrust at 9920 RPM[4]

109-011 A-0

Pre-production variant, intended to provide 12.7 kN (2866.5 lbf) at 11000 RPM[5]

109-011 B

Improved variant, intended to provide 14.7 kN (3307 lbf) thrust, not built.[6]

109-011 C

Improved variant to provide 16.7 kN (3748 lbf) thrust, not built.[6]

109-021

Planned turboprop derivative (subcontracted to Daimler-Benz) to provide 2,427 kw (3300 hp); intended for Focke Wulf Fw 281, not built.[7]

Aircraft designs intended to be powered by the HeS 011:

• Arado Ar 234D
• Arado E.555/II long-range bomber
• Blohm & Voss P 212 tailless jet fighter
• Focke-Wulf Flitzer jet fighter
• Focke-Wulf Ta 183 Huckebein
• Heinkel He 162B & -C versions
• Heinkel He 343 jet medium bomber
• Heinkel P.1078 jet fighter
• Heinkel P.1079 twin-jet, 2-seat all-weather/night fighter
• Henschel Hs 132C prone-pilot seating fighter-bomber
• Horten H.XVIII jet strategic bomber (as one option)
• Junkers EF 128 tailless jet fighter (twin vertical fins at mid-wing position)
• Messerschmitt P.1101
• Messerschmitt P.1106
• Messerschmitt P.1110 (both canard/Ente and conventional versions)

Comparable engines

• BMW 003, in particular its 003D subtype
• Junkers Jumo 004
• Junkers Jumo 012
• Metropolitan-Vickers F.2

Related lists

• List of aircraft engines
• List of aircraft engines of Germany during World War II

• Bingham, Victor (1998). Major Piston Aero Engines of World War II. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-84037-012-2.
• Christopher, John (2013). The Race for Hitler's X-Planes: Britain's 1945 Mission to Capture Secret Luftwaffe Technology. Stroud, UK: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6457-2.
• Gunston, Bill (2006). World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines: From the Pioneers to the Present Day (5th ed.). Stroud, UK: Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-4479-X.
• Kay, Anthony L. (2002). German Jet Engine and Gas Turbine Development 1930–1945. The Crowood Press. ISBN 1-84037-294-X.
• Kay, Antony (2004). Junkers Aircraft & Engines 1913–1945. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books. ISBN 0-85177-985-9.
• Kay, Anthony L. (2007). Turbojet History and Development 1930–1960. Vol. 1. Ramsbury: The Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-86126-912-6.
• Radinger, Willy & Schick, Walter, Secret Messerschmitt Projects, Schiffer Publishing, 1996, ISBN 0-88740-926-1

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heinkel HeS 011.

• Photo of the HeS 011 at the EAA Airventure Museum, by Gary Brossett (missing forward intake components and Riedel APU unit)