Cosmopolitan (magazine)

Cosmopolitan (stylized in all caps) is an American monthly fashion and entertainment magazine for women, first published based in New York City in March 1886 as a family magazine; it was later transformed into a literary magazine and, since 1965, has become a women's magazine. Cosmopolitan is one of the best-selling magazines and is directed mainly towards a female audience.[3][4] Jessica Pels is the magazine's editor-in-chief since 2018.

Cosmopolitan
Emma Roberts pregnant, dressed in a pink top and skirt from Frankies Bikinis
December 2020 cover featuring a pregnant Emma Roberts[1]
EditorJessica Pels
CategoriesFemale
FrequencyMonthly
Total circulation
(2016)
3 million[2]
First issueMarch 1886 (1886-03), New York City
CompanyHearst Communications
CountryUnited States
Based inNew York City
Hearst Tower, 300 West 57th Street, Manhattan, New York City, NY 10019, United States
LanguageEnglish, Bulgarian, Chinese, Czech, French, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Spanish, Dutch, Slovenian, Ukrainian
Websitewww.cosmopolitan.com
ISSN0010-9541

Formerly titled The Cosmopolitan and often referred to as Cosmo, throughout the years, Cosmopolitan has adapted its style and content. Its current incarnation was originally marketed as a woman's fashion magazine with articles on home, family, and cooking. For some time it focused more on new fiction and written work, which included short stories, novels, and articles.[5] Now it is more targeted towards women's fashion, sports and modern interests.[5] Eventually, editor-in-chief Helen Gurley Brown changed its attention to more of a women empowerment magazine.[5] Nowadays, its content includes articles discussing relationships, sex, health, careers, self-improvement, celebrities, fashion, horoscopes, and beauty.

Cosmopolitan is published by New York City-based Hearst Corporation. The magazine's office in the Hearst Tower, 300 West 57th Street near Columbus Circle in Manhattan in New York City.[6] Cosmopolitan has 64 international editions, including, Australia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latin America, Malaysia, the Middle East, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom[7] and is printed in 35 different languages and distributed in over 110 countries.[8]

History

March 1894 issue of The Cosmopolitan
November 1917 issue of Cosmopolitan, cover by Harrison Fisher

Cosmopolitan originally began as a family and women's magazine, first published based in New York City in March 1886 by Schlicht & Field of New York as The Cosmopolitan.[9]

Paul Schlicht told his first-issue readers inside of the front cover that his publication was a "first-class family magazine". Adding on, "There will be a department devoted exclusively to the concerns of women, with articles on fashions, on household decoration, on cooking, and the care and management of children. There was also a department for the younger members of the family."[10]

Cosmopolitan's circulation reached 25,000 that year, but by November 1888, Schlicht & Field were no longer in business. Ownership was acquired by John Brisben Walker in 1889.[11] That same year, he dispatched Elizabeth Bisland on a race around the world against Nellie Bly to draw attention to the magazine.[12]

Under John Brisben Walker's ownership, E. D. Walker, formerly with Harper's Monthly, took over as the new editor, introducing color illustrations, serials and book reviews. It became a leading market for fiction, featuring such authors as Annie Besant, Ambrose Bierce, Willa Cather, Theodore Dreiser, Rudyard Kipling, Jack London, Edith Wharton, and H.G. Wells.[13] The magazine's press run climbed to 100,000 by 1892.[14][15][16][17]

In 1897, Cosmopolitan announced plans for a free correspondence school: "No charge of any kind will be made to the student. All expenses for the present will be borne by the Cosmopolitan. No conditions, except a pledge of a given number of hours of study." When 20,000 immediately signed up, Walker could not fund the school and students were then asked to contribute 20 dollars a year. Also in 1897, H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds was serialized, as was his The First Men in the Moon (1900). Olive Schreiner contributed a lengthy two-part article about the Boer War in the September[18] and October[19] issues of 1900.

In 1905, William Randolph Hearst purchased the magazine for US$400,000 (equivalent to $13,028,000 in 2022) and brought in journalist Charles Edward Russell, who contributed a series of investigative articles, including "The Growth of Caste in America" (March 1907),[20] "At the Throat of the Republic" (December 1907 – March 1908)[21][22][23][24] and "What Are You Going to Do About It?" (July 1910 – January 1911).[25][26][27][28][29][30][31]

Other contributors during this period included O. Henry,[32] A. J. Cronin, Alfred Henry Lewis, Bruno Lessing, Sinclair Lewis, O. O. McIntyre, David Graham Phillips, George Bernard Shaw, Upton Sinclair, and Ida Tarbell. Jack London's novella, "The Red One", was published in the October 1918 issue[33] (two years after London's death[34]), and a constant presence from 1910 to 1918 was Arthur B. Reeve, with 82 stories featuring Craig Kennedy, the "scientific detective".[35] Magazine illustrators included Francis Attwood, Dean Cornwell, Harrison Fisher, and James Montgomery Flagg.

Hearst formed Cosmopolitan Productions (also known as Cosmopolitan Pictures), a film company based in New York City from 1918 to 1923, then Hollywood until 1938. The vision for this film company was to make films from stories published in the magazine.[36]

Cosmopolitan magazine was officially titled as Hearst's International Combined with Cosmopolitan from 1925 until 1952, but was simply referred to as Cosmopolitan. In 1911, Hearst had bought a middling monthly magazine called World To-Day and renamed it Hearst's Magazine in April 1912. In June 1914 it was shortened to Hearst's and was ultimately titled Hearst's International in May 1922. In order to spare serious cutbacks at San Simeon, Hearst merged the magazine Hearst's International with Cosmopolitan effective March 1925. But while the Cosmopolitan title on the cover remained at a typeface of eight-four points, over time span the typeface of the Hearst's International decreased to thirty-six points and then to a barely legible twelve points. After Hearst died in 1951, the Hearst's International disappeared from the magazine cover altogether in April 1952.[37]

With a circulation of 1,700,000 in the 1930s, Cosmopolitan had an advertising income of $5,000,000. Emphasizing fiction in the 1940s, it was subtitled The Four-Book Magazine since the first section had one novelette, six or eight short stories, two serials, six to eight articles and eight or nine special features, while the other three sections featured two novels and a digest of current non-fiction books. During World War II, sales peaked at 2,000,000.

The magazine began to run less fiction during the 1950s. Circulation dropped to slightly over a million by 1955, a time when magazines were overshadowed during the rise of paperbacks and television. The Golden Age of magazines came to an end as mass market, general interest publications gave way to special interest magazines targeting specialized audiences.[38]

Helen Gurley Brown arrives

Cosmopolitan's circulation continued to decline for another decade until Helen Gurley Brown became chief editor in 1965[39] and radically changed the magazine.[40] Brown remodeled and re-invented it as a magazine for modern single career women,[41] completely transforming the magazine into a racy, contentious, and successful magazine. As the editor for 32 years, Brown spent this time using the magazine as an outlet to erase stigma around unmarried women not only having sex, but also enjoying it.[42] Known as a "devout feminist",[43] Brown was often attacked by critics due to her progressive views on women and sex. She believed that women were allowed to enjoy sex without shame in all cases. She died in 2012 at the age of 90.[42] Her vision is still evident in the current design of Cosmopolitan Magazine.[40] The magazine eventually adopted a cover format consisting of a usually young female model (or prominent female celebrity), typically in a low cut dress, bikini, or some other revealing outfit.

The magazine set itself apart by frankly discussing sexuality from the point of view that women could and should enjoy sex without guilt. The first issue under Helen Gurley Brown, July 1965,[44] featured an article on the birth control pill,[41] which had gone on the market exactly five years earlier.[45][46]

This was not Brown's first publication dealing with sexually liberated women. Her 1962 advice book, Sex and the Single Girl, had been a bestseller.[47][48] Fan mail begging for Brown's advice on many subjects concerning women's behavior, sexual encounters, health, and beauty flooded her after the book was released. Brown sent the message that a woman should have men complement her life, not take it over. Enjoying sex without shame was also a message she incorporated in both publications.[49]

In Brown's early years as editor, the magazine received heavy criticism. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can". These included copies of Cosmopolitan and Playboy magazines.[50] Cosmopolitan also ran a near-nude centerfold of actor Burt Reynolds in April 1972, causing great controversy and attracting much attention.[51] The Latin American edition of Cosmopolitan was launched in March 1973.

In April 1978, a single edition of Cosmopolitan Man was published as a trial, targeted to appeal to men. Its cover featured Jack Nicholson and Aurore Clément. It was published twice in 1989 as a supplement to Cosmopolitan.[52]

In its January 1988 issue, Cosmopolitan ran a feature claiming that women had almost no reason to worry about contracting HIV long after the best available medical science indicated otherwise. The piece claimed that unprotected sex with an HIV-positive man did not put women at risk of infection and went on to state that "most heterosexuals are not at risk" and that it was impossible to transmit HIV in the missionary position.[53] This article angered many educated people, including AIDS and gay rights activists.[54][55] The protests organised in response to the article's publication were turned into a 30-minute documentary titled "Doctors, Liars and Women: AIDS Activists Say NO to Cosmo" by two members of ACTUP, a New York City based collective of HIV/AIDS activists.[56][57][58]

One of the articles in its October 1989 issue, "The Risky Business of Bisexual Love", promoted the 'bisexual bridge' theory.[59] The bisexual bridge theory suggests that heterosexual women are unknowingly put at risk for contracting HIV through sexual contact with bisexual men who covertly have sex with other men (colloquially described as being "on the down low").[60] The New York Area Bisexual Network performed a successful letter-writing campaign against Cosmopolitan.[61]

Today

Cosmopolitan stand at The Brandery fashion show (Barcelona, 2010)

The magazine, and in particular its cover stories, have become increasingly sexually explicit in tone. Kroger, the second largest grocery chain in the United States after Walmart, used to cover up Cosmopolitan at checkout stands because of complaints about sexually inappropriate headlines.[62] The UK edition of Cosmopolitan, which began in 1972, was the first Cosmopolitan magazine to be branched out to another country. It was well known for sexual explicitness, with strong sexual language, male nudity, and coverage of such subjects as rape. In 1999, CosmoGIRL!, a spinoff magazine targeting a teenage female audience, was created for international readership. It shut down in December 2008.

There are 64 worldwide editions of Cosmopolitan, and the magazine is published in 35 languages, with distribution in more than 100 countries making Cosmopolitan the largest-selling young women's magazine in the world.[8] Some international editions are published in partnerships, such as licenses or joint ventures, with established publishing houses in each local market. In October 2018, Bauer Media Group announced that after 45 years, publication of the Australian edition of Cosmopolitan would stop due to the commercial viability of the magazine no longer being sustainable.[63] In March 2022 the Russian edition, Cosmopolitan Russia, changed its title to Voice after Hearst revoked its affiliation following to the invasion of Ukraine.[64]

Cosmopolitan has since the 1960s been a women's magazine discussing such topics as sex, health, fitness, and fashion. The magazine also has a section called "Ask Him Anything" where a male writer answers readers' questions about men and dating.

Cosmopolitan has found popularity in its newfound medium, the "discover" section on Snapchat. Cosmopolitan's "discover" has over 3 million readers a day.[65]

In its October 2018 issue, Cosmopolitan featured plus-sized model Tess Holliday on the cover. Some people, such as TV presenter Piers Morgan, criticized this choice, arguing that it amounted to promoting obesity. Editor of Cosmopolitan Farrah Storr called the cover choice a bold stance in favor of body positivity.[66] In December 2020, actress Emma Roberts became the first pregnant celebrity to appear on the cover of the magazine.[67]

Awards and features

Fun, Fearless Male of the Year

For over a decade, the February issue has featured this award. In 2011, Russell Brand received the magazine's Fun, Fearless Male of the Year Award, joining Kellan Lutz and Paul Wesley (2010), John Mayer (2008), Nick Lachey (2007), Patrick Dempsey (2006), Josh Duhamel (2005), Matthew Perry (2004), and Jon Bon Jovi (2003).

Fun, Fearless Female of the Year

Nicole Scherzinger received the 2012 Fun, Fearless Female of the Year honor, a title that had been previously awarded to Kayla Itsines (2015), Mila Kunis (2011), Anna Faris (2010), Ali Larter (2009), Katherine Heigl (2008), Eva Mendes (2007), Beyoncé (2006), Ashlee Simpson (2005), Alicia Silverstone (2004), Sandra Bullock (2003), Britney Spears (2002), Debra Messing (2001), Jennifer Love Hewitt (2000), Shania Twain (1999), and Ashley Judd (1998)

Cosmopolitan Men - The Making of the World's Sexiest Calendar

Cosmopolitan Men releases a video on The Making of the World's Sexiest Calendar in 1994 followed by a stunning 14-month Cosmopolitan Men Calendar. Photographer Richard Reinsdorf shot the entire Calendar and helped direct the video.

Anniversary Male Centerfolds

Cosmopolitan releases a Male Centerfold issue every few years that features hot male celebrities from the United States. Here is a partial list of the men that have appeared in Cosmopolitan's Centerfold Editions over the years: Burt Reynolds 1972, Jim Brown 1973, John Davidson 1975, Arnold Schwarzenegger 1977, Scott Brown 1982, David Hasselhoff 1990. Male super-model Tracy James[68] was named Cosmopolitan's 25th Anniversary Centerfold[69] in 1995: his centerfold garnered so much attention that Cosmo printed an extra 500,000 copies to meet demand. Cosmopolitan's Editor-in-Chief Helen Gurley Brown sat with James for interviews on America's Talking[70] and on Oprah[70] with Oprah Winfrey, on how the magazine's editors and scouts searched America over the course of a year, seeing thousands of men before deciding on underwear model James.

Bachelor of the Year

Cosmopolitan's November issue features the hottest bachelors from all 50 states. Pictures and profiles of all the bachelors are posted on www.cosmopolitan.com, where readers view and vote for their favorite, narrowing it down to six finalists. A team of Cosmopolitan editors then selects the Bachelor of the Year, who is announced at an annual party and media event in New York. The 50 bachelors generally appear on programs such as The Today Show.[71]

Past winners include:

Practice Safe Sun

In the May 2006 issue of Cosmopolitan, the magazine launched the Practice Safe Sun campaign, an initiative aimed at fighting skin cancer by asking readers to stop all forms of tanning other than tanning from a bottle.[76] In conjunction with the campaign, Cosmo's editor-in-chief, Kate White, approached Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney (D-NY), known for her support of women's health issues, with concerns that women were not fully aware of the dangers of indoor tanning and the effectiveness of the current warning labels.[77] After careful review, the Congresswoman agreed that it was necessary to recommend that the FDA take a closer look. She and Representative Ginny Brown-Waite (R-FL) introduced the Tanning Accountability and Notification Act (TAN Act – H.R. 4767) on February 16, 2006.[76] President Bush signed the act in September 2007, and the new federal law requires the FDA to scrutinize the warning labels on tanning beds and issue a report by September 2008.[78]

Cosmo Blog Awards

Cosmopolitan UK launched the Cosmo Blog Awards[79] in 2010. The awards attracted more than 15,000 entries and winning and highly commended blogs were voted for in several categories including beauty, fashion, lifestyle, and celebrity. The 2011 awards launched in August 2011 and nominations are open until August 31, 2011. All UK-based bloggers and blogs written by British bloggers abroad with a British perspective can be entered.

Cosmopolitan, The Fragrance

In May 2015, Cosmopolitan UK announced they were launching their first ever fragrance. This is considered a first in the magazine industry. Named 'Cosmopolitan, The Fragrance', the perfume takes on the notion of their much-loved phrase 'Fun, Fearless Female' and was set to launch in September.[80][81]

Politics

Seventeenth Amendment

Cosmopolitan played a role in passing the Seventeenth Amendment to the US Constitution, which allowed for the popular election of Senators. In 1906, William Randolph Hearst hired David Graham Phillips to write a series of articles entitled "The Treason of the Senate". These articles, which were largely sensationalized, helped galvanize public support for this cause.[82]

Candidate endorsement

In September 2014, Cosmopolitan began endorsing political candidates. The endorsements are based on "established criteria" agreed upon by the magazine's editors. Specifically, Cosmopolitan will only endorse candidates that support equal pay laws, legal abortion, free contraceptives, gun control, and oppose voter identification laws. Amy Odell, editor of Cosmopolitan.com, has stated that under no circumstances will the magazine endorse a political candidate that is anti-abortion: "We're not going to endorse someone who is pro-life because that's not in our readers' best interest." According to Joanna Coles, the magazine's editor-in-chief, the endorsements of Cosmopolitan will focus on "candidates in swing states or candidates who are strongly in favor of issues like contraception coverage or gun control."[83] In the 2014 U.S. elections, Cosmopolitan officially endorsed twelve Democratic candidates. However, only two of them won their respective political campaigns.[84]

Campaigns against Cosmopolitan

Victoria Hearst, a granddaughter of William Randolph Hearst (founder of Cosmopolitan's parent company) and sister of Patty Hearst, has lent her support to a campaign which seeks to classify Cosmopolitan as harmful under the guidelines of "Material Harmful to Minors" laws. Hearst, the founder of an evangelical Colorado church called Praise Him Ministries,[85] states that "the magazine promotes a lifestyle that can be dangerous to women's emotional and physical well being. It should never be sold to anyone under 18".[86] According to former model Nicole Weider, who is also part of this campaign, the magazine's marketing is subtly targeting children.[86] Billboards have been hung in states such as Utah urging the state to ban sales of this magazine.

In 2018, Walmart announced that Cosmopolitan would be removed from checkout lines after the anti-pornography organization National Center on Sexual Exploitation, formerly known as Morality in Media, labeled the magazine as "sexually explicit material".[87]

Editor in chief (American edition)

Other editions

Cosmopolitan Italy

In 1973 there was a merger between Cosmopolitan and the Italian magazine Arianna, published by Mondadori since in 1957, assuming the name Cosmopolitan Arianna.[90] From January 1976 the masthead changed to the current Cosmopolitan.[90] In 1996 the magazine owned by Della Schiava Editore, ended its publications, which resumed with Mondadori in 2000, with the editor Silvia Brena.[90] In July 2010 Cosmopolitan passed to the editorial Hearst Magazines Italia,becoming a monthly magazine.[91]

References

  1. Samantha Kubota (November 11, 2020). "Emma Roberts featured as first pregnant woman on cover of Cosmo". TODAY.com.
  2. "Consumer Magazines". Alliance for Audited Media. Archived from the original on January 23, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  3. Landers, James (2010). The Improbable First Century of Cosmopolitan Magazine. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 9780826219060. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  4. "Why Cosmopolitan Magazine is a Best Selling Magazine / How the Internet Helps in Building a Cosmopolitan World". www.global2ki.org. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  5. "Evolution of Cosmopolitan".
  6. "About Us". cosmopolitan.com. May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
  7. "The Hottest Cosmo Covers You've Never Seen". Cosmopolitan. June 30, 2011.
  8. "Cosmopolitan: "Fun, Fearless, Female"". hearst.com. Archived from the original on August 26, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  9. Tassin, Algernon (December 1915). "The Magazine In America, Part X: The End Of The Century". The Bookman: An Illustrated Magazine of Literature and Life. Dodd, Mead and Co. XLII (4): 396–412. Retrieved August 3, 2008.
  10. The Cosmopolitan. Vol. 1, no. 1. March 1886. {{cite magazine}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. "Westchester Chronicles". www.westchestermagazine.com. February 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  12. Marks, Jason (1993). Around the World in 72 Days: The race between Pulitzer's Nellie Bly and Cosmopolitan's Elizabeth Bisland. Gemittarius Press. ISBN 978-0-9633696-2-8.
  13. Ruiz, Michelle (September 2013). "Remembering Cosmo's Legendary Literary All-Stars". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  14. Landers, James (2010). The Improbable First Century of Cosmopolitan Magazine. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-8262-1906-0.
  15. "The Cosmopolitan, Volume 29, Schlicht & Field, 1900". March 20, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  16. "The Cosmopolitan, Volume 14, Schlicht & Field, 1892". July 8, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  17. "The Cosmopolitan, Volume 17, Schlicht & Field, 1894". February 3, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  18. Schreiner, Olive (September 1900). "The African Boer". The Cosmopolitan. Vol. 29, no. 5. pp. 451–468.
  19. Schreiner, Olive (October 1900). "The African Boer, II". The Cosmopolitan. Vol. 29, no. 6. pp. 593–602.
  20. Russell, Charles (March 1907). "The Growth of Caste in America". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 42, no. 5. New York, NY: International Magazine Company. pp. 524–534.
  21. Russell, Charles (December 1907). "At the Throat of the Republic: No. 1, Before the Election". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 44, no. 2. New York, NY: International Magazine Company. pp. 146–156.
  22. Russell, Charles (January 1908). "At the Throat of the Republic: No. 2, At the Election". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 44, no. 3. New York, NY: International Magazine Company. pp. 259–271.
  23. Russell, Charles (March 1908). "At the Throat of the Republic 3. After the Election". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 44, no. 4. New York, NY: International Magazine Company. pp. 361–369.
  24. Russell, Charles (April 1908). "At the Throat of the Republic 4. Postscript—The Election of 1907". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 44, no. 4. New York, NY: International Magazine Company. pp. 475–480.
  25. Russell, Charles (July 1910). "What Are You Going to Do About It? 1. Legislative Graft and the Albany Scandal". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 49, no. 2. New York, NY: International Magazine Company. pp. 147–160.
  26. Russell, Charles (August 1910). "What Are You Going to Do About It? 2. Graft as an Expert Trade in Pittsburg". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 49, no. 3. New York, NY: International Magazine Company. pp. 283–292.
  27. Russell, Charles (September 1910). "What Are You Going to Do About It? 3. The "Jack-Pot" in Illinois Legislation". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 49, no. 4. New York, NY: International Magazine Company. pp. 466–478.
  28. Russell, Charles (October 1910). "What Are You Going to Do About It? 4. The Man the Interests Wanted". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 49, no. 5. New York, NY: International Magazine Company. pp. 592–601.
  29. Russell, Charles (December 1910). "What Are You Going to Do About It? 5. Colorado—New Tricks in an Old Game". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 50, no. 1. New York, NY: International Magazine Company. pp. 45–58.
  30. Russell, Charles (January 1911). "What Are You Going to Do About It? 6. Senator Gore's Strange Bribe Story". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 50, no. 2. New York, NY: International Magazine Company. pp. 151–162.
  31. "Cosmopolitan, Volume 53, Hearst Corporation, 1912". January 13, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  32. Henry, O. "Dream". Read Book Online website. Archived from the original on October 19, 2014. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
  33. "Fiction of Jack London". Jacklondons.net. p. 31. Archived from the original on June 12, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  34. "On This Day: November 23, 1916: OBITUARY – Jack London Dies Suddenly On Ranch". The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  35. "Cosmopolitan, Volume 55, Schlicht & Field, 1913". January 13, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  36. Cunningham, Guy Patrick (2013). Ciment, James (ed.). "Hearst, William Randolph (1863–1951)". Encyclopedia of the Jazz Age: From the End of World War I to the Great Crash: 344–345.
  37. Landers, James (2010). The Improbable First Century of Cosmopolitan Magazine. University of Missouri Press. pp. 169–213. ISBN 9780826272331.
  38. Stovall, James Glen. "Magazines and Photojournalism's Golden Age". Journalism: Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2019.
  39. "Cosmopolitan | magazine". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  40. Jaramillo, Juliana (August 12, 2014). "A Brief History of Cosmo Covers". Slate.
  41. Benjamin, Jennifer (September 2009). "How Cosmo Changed the World". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  42. Fox, Margalit (August 13, 2012). "Helen Gurley Brown, Who Gave 'Single Girl' a Life in Full, Dies at 90". New York Times.
  43. Grinberg, Emanuella (August 19, 2012). "Helen Gurley Brown's Complicated Feminist Legacy". CNN.
  44. "Cosmopolitan Celebrates 40 Years as the World's Favorite Women's Magazine". www.businesswire.com (Press release).
  45. Marks, Lara (2001). Sexual Chemistry: A History of the Contraceptive Pill. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08943-1.
  46. Watkins, Elizabeth Siegel (1998). On the Pill: A Social History of Oral Contraceptives, 1950–1970. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5876-5.
  47. Ouellette, Laurie. "Inventing the Cosmo Girl: Class Identity and Girl-Style American Dreams". Media, Culture & Society 21 (1999): 361. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  48. Scanlon, Jennifer. "Sensationalist Literature or Expert Advice?". Feminist Media Studies 9:1 (2009): 12. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
  49. Gianoulis, Tina (2002). "Cosmopolitan." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America. Ed. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Gale Virtual Reference Library. pp. 867–868.
  50. Greenfieldboyce, Nell (September 5, 2008). "Pageant Protest Sparked Bra-Burning Myth". NPR. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
  51. Willett, Julie (May 11, 2010). The American Beauty Industry Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-313-35949-1. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  52. "Men's magazines: an A to Z" Archived November 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Magforum.com, accessed November 6, 2006
  53. "AIDS in New York: A Biography – New York Magazine". Newyorkmetro.com. June 5, 2006. Archived from the original on July 19, 2006. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
  54. "Editorials & Opinion – Cosmo's Deadly Advice To Women About Aids – Seattle Times Newspaper". community.seattletimes.nwsource.com.
  55. Rossi (June 1, 1998). "Cosmo Confessions". Retrieved July 30, 2016.
  56. "ACT UP/NY Chronology 1988". www.actupny.org.
  57. jeancarlomusto.com, actupny.org Archived August 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  58. Carlomusto, Jean (December 17, 2012). "Doctors, Liars and Women:AIDS Activists Say No To Cosmo" via Vimeo.
  59. Gerrard, Susan and James Halperin. "The Risky Business of Bisexual Love," Cosmopolitan, October 1989, 202-205.
  60. Malebranche, David J.; Arriola, Kimberly Jacob; Jenkins, Tyrrell R.; Dauria, Emily; Patel, Shilpa N. (September 20, 2011). "Exploring the 'Bisexual Bridge': A Qualitative Study of Risk Behavior and Disclosure of Same-Sex Behavior Among Black Bisexual Men". American Journal of Public Health. 100 (1): 159–164. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158725. PMC 2791236. PMID 19910348. This 'bisexual bridge' theory proposes that heterosexual women are unknowingly put at risk for contracting HIV through sexual contact with bisexual men who covertly have sex with other men. Such men are colloquially described as being 'on the down low.'
  61. Raymond, Danielle; Highleyman, Liz A. (June 11, 2014). "Appendix A: Brief Timeline of Bisexual Activism in the United States". In Tucker, Naomi S (ed.). Bisexual Politics: Theories, Queries, and Visions (Haworth Gay and Lesbian Studies). Haworth Gay and Lesbian Studies (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1560238690. New York Area Bisexual Network (founded 1987) initiates successful letter-writing campaign against a defamatory article in Cosmpolitan (October 1989) which had maliciously stereotyped bisexual men as dishonest spreaders of AIDS.
  62. New York Daily News – The Ticker, New York Daily News.
  63. Donoughue, Paul (October 16, 2018) Cosmopolitan magazine to stop publishing its Australian edition after 45 years, ABC News, Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  64. Pjotr Sauer (May 20, 2022). "Cosmopolitan no more: Russians feel sting of cultural and economic rift". The Guardian. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
  65. "Cosmo is getting 3 million readers a day on Snapchat Discover". Digiday. October 14, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  66. O'Connell, Jennifer. "Cosmopolitan magazine cover criticised for 'promoting obesity'". The Irish Times. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
  67. «Emma Roberts becomes first pregnant Cosmopolitan cover star» - November 12, 2020
  68. "Biography". www.tracyjames.com. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
  69. "Portfolio". www.tracyjames.com. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
  70. "Video". www.tracyjames.com. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
  71. Brian Watkins – Cosmo Bachelor of the Year 2007 – Cosmopolitan.com Archived March 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  72. "Meet the Cosmo Bachelor of the Year". NewsComAu. February 2, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  73. "The Hottest Bachelor in America". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved September 24, 2018.
  74. "2011 Cosmo Bachelor of The Year – Interview with Chris Van Vliet". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
  75. "Ryan Mickey McLean Interview – Ohio Bachelor Ryan McLean Quotes". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
  76. Cosmo to Promote 'Safe Skin' | Business solutions from AllBusiness.com Archived March 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  77. "Cosmo to Promote 'Safe Skin' | Mediaweek | Professional Journal archives from". AllBusiness.com. April 10, 2006. Archived from the original on March 28, 2009. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
  78. "American Academy Of Dermatology Association Commends President Bush For Signing Tanning Accountability And Notification (TAN) Act".
  79. "Cosmo Blog Awards". Cosmopolitan UK. Archived from the original on September 10, 2011.
  80. "The Home of Cosmopolitan, The Fragrance". Cosmo Fragrance. Archived from the original on August 27, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  81. "Cosmopolitan launches Cosmopolitan The Fragrance – Hearst UKHearst UK". Hearst.co.uk. May 26, 2015. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  82. "U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: The Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution". United States Senate. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  83. Gold, Hadas (September 4, 2014). "The new Cosmo: Love, sex, politics?". Politico. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  84. Ashe Schow. "The 8 biggest losers of the war on women". Washington Examiner.
  85. "Praise Him Ministries". Praise Him Ministries. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014.
  86. McKay, Hollie (September 6, 2012). "Victoria Hearst says her family's Cosmopolitan magazine "pornographic", joins campaign to get it brown bagged". Fox News.
  87. Lam, Katherine (March 27, 2018). "Walmart to remove Cosmopolitan magazine from checkout lines". Fox News. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  88. DAVID CARR and CHRISTINE HAUGHNEY (September 4, 2012). "New Editor at Cosmopolitan: Joanna Coles Replaces Kate White". The New York Times. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
  89. "Michele Promaulayko Named Editor-in-Chief of Cosmopolitan and Editorial Director of Seventeen". Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  90. "SIUSA Archive - Cosmopolitan Arianna". Ministry of Culture. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
  91. "Mondadori, nomine: dal 14 settembre Annalisa Monfreda direttore di Cosmopolitan". Arnoldo Mondadori Editore (in Italian). September 9, 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.