Hélie de Saint Marc

Hélie Denoix de Saint Marc or Hélie de Saint Marc,[1][2] (11 February 1922 – 26 August 2013)[3] was a senior member of the French resistance and a senior active officer of the French Army, having served in the French Foreign Legion, in particular at the heart and corps of the Foreign Airborne Battalions and Regiments, the heirs of the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2ème REP, a part constituent of the 11th Parachute Brigade. Commandant by interim of the 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment 1er REP (disbanded in 1961), Hélie assumed full responsibility for commanding exclusively his regiment towards the Generals' Putsch in April 1961 and would be charged for such action while also distancing accusations that would compromise the integrity of the men acting under his direct orders of command. He was rehabilitated within his civilian and military rights in 1978 and awarded the high distinction of the Grand-Croix of the Legion of Honor on 28 November 2011.

Hélie de Saint Marc
Birth nameHélie Denoix de Saint Marc
Born(1922-02-11)11 February 1922
Bordeaux, France
Died26 August 2013(2013-08-26) (aged 91)
La Garde-Adhémar, France
AllegianceFrance
Service/branchFrench Foreign Legion
Foreign Airborne
Years of service1946–1961
RankCommandant, Chef de Bataillon
Unit3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment
3e REI

1st Foreign Parachute Battalion
1e BEP
2nd Foreign Parachute Battalion
2e BEP
Legion Indochinese Parachute Company
2e CIPLE
1st Foreign Parachute Regiment
1er R.E.P

10th Parachute Division
10e DP
Commands held1st Foreign Parachute Regiment
1er R.E.P
Battles/warsWorld War II
First Indochina War
Suez Crisis
Algerian War

Biography

Resistance and deportation

Hélie de Saint Marc entered the French resistance (network resistance of Jade-Amicol) in February 1941, at the age of 19 after assisting in Bordeaux at the arrival of the Army and French Authorities when the country was fully engaged in its events. He was stopped on the 14th of July 1943 at the Spanish borders and following a denunciation; he was deported to German Concentration Camp at Buchenwald.

Sent to the Satellite Camp of Langenstein-Zwieberge for 2 years where mortality rates surpasses 90%; he went under mainly two cares and protection including a Latvian miner who actually saved his life the second time. The Latvian miner was in good shape and shared with Hélie food which he stole. Later, When the camp was liberated by U.S. American Forces; Hélie de Saint Marc was found unconscious in the barracks of the dead. Hélie had lost his memory and even forgot his own name recovering later in an American hospital. He was found among 30 living survivors only out of the 1000 deported to that camp.

At the end of World War II, at the age of 23, Hélie pursues his education at Saint-Cyr Military Academy.

First Indochina War
Main articles: List of French paratrooper units, Pierre Segrétain, and Pierre Jeanpierre

Hélie de Saint Marc deployed to French Indochina in 1948 with the French Foreign Legion along the 4e REM then at the disposition of the 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment 3ème REI. He lived just like the Vietnamese partisans; learning their language and talking for long hours with Viêt-minh prisoners; trying to understand their motivation and their ways of conducting battle. Commandant of the intervention company in the high regions, he was in charge to recruit, instruct and command autochthones partisans in operations and mainly protect the respective civilian populations undergoing hostile effects.

Stationed at Tà Lùng, at the borders of China, among the minority people of Tho; he faced the loss of the post at the border taken by the Chinese Communist Party. In China, troops of Mao Zedong recently defeated the Nationalist Party; mainly Tchang Kai-check and were soon to dominate their Vietnamese neighbors. The war was about to take a major turn. The French Army suffered heavy losses. After 18 months, Hélie de Saint Marc and the French military were evacuated, with almost none of the partisans, and none of the villagers. "There is an order, you don't make an omelet without breaking eggs"; officials replied to Hélie when he questioned them about the fate of the villagers.

Hélie's unit was obliged to give "coups de crosse" ("crosse" refers the rifle butt). His unit rifle-butted the fingers of villagers and partisans trying to climb aboard the departing trucks. In his words "We abandoned them". Those that survived and managed to join the departing French troops talked about the massacre of those that aided the French. He called his memory of rifle butting the fingers of his allies his "yellow wound" and remained very disturbed about the abandonment of Vietnamese partisans following the orders of High Command.

Hélie returned a second time to Indochina in 1951 with the 2nd Foreign Parachute Battalion 2ème BEP, shortly after the disaster of Battle of Route Coloniale 4 (RC4) in October 1950, which annihilated the total of the 1st Foreign Parachute Battalion 1er BEP. He commanded the 2e CIPLE Battalion (2nd Company of Vietnamese Parachute of the French Foreign Legion). During this deployment, he served with Chef de battaillon Rémy Raffalli, regimental commander of the 2nd Foreign Parachute Battalion 2ème BEP, Adjudant Bonnin and Général Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel de Lattre de Tassigny, the High Commissioner, Commander-in-Chief in Indochina and Commander-in Chief of the French Far East Expeditionary Corps.

In 1953, Hélie then served in the 11e Régiment Parachutiste de Choc. By definition, there was no information on this passage, however it was probable that he remained in Indochina.

Hélie then integrated the ranks of the 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment 1e REP in 1954 and partook in the final combats of Indochina. The 1e REP was repatriated to Zéralda in the departments of Algeria while commanded by Pierre Jeanpierre. During that time, Hélie was designated as a company commandant.

Suez Crisis

In 1956, Hélie partook with the 1e REP to the Suez Crisis.

Algerian War and the Generals' Putsch
Main articles: Pierre Jeanpierre, 10th Parachute Division (France), and 25th Parachute Division (France)

Recruited by Général Challe, Hélie de Saint Marc served during the Algerian War; notably alongside General Massu. In April 1961, he participated with the 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment 1er REP which he commanded by interim to the Generals' Putsch; directed by General Challe in Algeria. The operation failed and within a couple of days Hélie de Saint Marc handed himself over as prisoner and taking full responsibility of the actions of the men under his command. He also made it clear not to question the integrity of his legionnaires as well as assuming sole responsibility for the outcome of the failed putsch.

As Hélie de Saint Marc explained at the court-martial trial of the foremost Military Tribunal on 5 June 1961, his decision to challenge as illegal the political decision to grant Algerian independence was essentially motivated by his wish not to abandon the harkis, recruited by the French Army to fight against the NLF; not to mention his total unwillingness to relive his difficult experience in Indochina. He agreed to support the April 1961 "Generals' Putsch" against President Charles de Gaulle. The putschists saw de Gaulle's acceptance of Algerian independence as a betrayal of France and a betrayal of the local population both indigenous and French colonial; particularly, French Colonial Regiments. The officers in revolt had seen exactly this behavior in Indochina among the Colonial Parachute Battalions and felt that this had to stop. As the putsch failed due to lack of political support, Hélie de Saint-Marc was condemned to 10 years criminal reclusion which can go from 10 to 30 years or life. He spent 5 years in the prison at Tulle before being pardoned on December 25, 1966.

During that time; Legionnaires from the French Foreign Legion acquired their parade song "Non, je ne regrette rien" (No, I don't regret anything), a 1960 Edith Piaf song that NCOs, Corporals and Legionnaires sang while marching out of their barracks for re-deployment following the Algiers putsch of 1961. The song has been a part of Legion heritage since then. The 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2ème REP remained the only foreign parachute regiment in the French Army.

1960s

Following his pardon, he settled in Lyon with the help of Andre Laroche, the president of the deportation Federation and started a civilian career in the metal industry. In 1988, he became Director of personnel in a metal company.

By 1978, he was rehabilitated with full civil and military rights.

In 1988, one of his grand nephews, Laurent Beccaria, wrote his biography which turned to be a success. Accordingly, he decided to write his own autobiography which he published in 1995 under the title of "Les Champs de Braises. Mémoires" and which was crowned by the Prize Femina categories "Essay" in 1996. During 10 years, Hélie de Saint-Marc spent his time travelling to the United States, Germany and France and conducted numerous conferences. In 1998 and 2000, German translation and versions appeared for Champs de braises (Asche und Glut) and the Sentinelles du soir (Die Wächter des Abends) at the Atlantis editions.

In 2002, he published with August von Kageneck- a German Officer of his generation- his fourth book entitled Notre Histoire (1922-1945) ("Our History: 1922-1945"); a story that portrayed the souvenirs of that period; portraying their respective childhood and their vision of World War II.

At age 57; Hélie was decorated and awarded with the commander of the Légion d'honneur on 23 June 1979 by French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.

At age 80; Hélie was decorated and awarded with the grand-officer of the Légion d'honneur on 28 November 2002 by French President Jacques Chirac.[4]

At 89 years of age; Hélie de Saint Marc was finally recognized and awarded the Grand-Croix de la Légion d'honneur, on 28 November 2011, by French President Nicolas Sarkozy.[5]

Funeral

Hélie de Saint Marc died on 26 August 2013.[6] His funeral was conducted on 30 August by Philippe Barbarin, cardinal-archbishop of Lyon in the Lyon Cathedral in presence of the mayor of Lyon, general Bertrand Ract-Madoux, Chief of Staff of the French Army, representing the French Minister of Defense Jean-Yves Le Drian.[7] Military Honors were pronounced and honored by general Bruno Dary at Place Saint-Jean.[8] Hélie was laid to rest at la Garde-Adhémar (Drôme).[9][10]

Recognition and Honors

Ribbons

Decorations

Posthumous Hommage

Since 15 March 2015 a road bears his name in Béziers.[11][12]

Quotations attributed to de Saint Marc
  • " Si on doit un jour ne plus comprendre comment un homme a pu donner sa vie pour quelque chose qui le dépasse, ce sera fini de tout un monde, peut-être de toute une civilisation."[13]

English Translation: If in one day, we may come to not understand how a man could have given his life for something which surpasses him, this would be the end of a world, perhaps the end of an entire civilization.

  • Extrait de Que dire à un jeune de vingt ans... "À mon jeune interlocuteur, Je dirai donc que nous vivons une période difficile, où les bases de ce qu'on appelait la Morale et qu'on appelle aujourd'hui l'Éthique, sont remises constamment en cause, en particulier dans les domaines du don de la vie, de la manipulation de la vie, de l'interruption de la vie. Dans ces domaines, de terribles questions nous attendent dans les décennies à venir. Oui nous vivons une période difficile où l'individualisme systématique, le profit à n'importe quel prix, le matérialisme, l'emportent sur les forces de l'esprit."[14]

English Translation: Extract of what to tell to a twenty year old... I would say then that we live in a difficult period, where the corps bases of what is referred to as Moral that which is referred to today as the Ethics, are constantly being placed in cause, in particular in the domain of life, the manipulation of life, and the interruption of life. In these domains, terrible questions await us in the decades to come. Indeed, we live in a challenging period where systematic individualism, profit and the materials, are the dominant forces of the human spirit.

  • Extrait de Que dire à un jeune de vingt ans..." Enfin, je lui dirai que de toutes les vertus, la plus importante, parce qu'elle est motrice de toutes les autres et qu'elle est nécessaire à l'exercice des autres, de toutes les vertus, la plus importante me paraît être le courage, les courages, et surtout celui dont on ne parle pas et qui consiste à être fidèle à ses rêves de jeunesse. Et pratiquer ce courage, ces courages, c'est peut-être cela « L'Honneur de Vivre »."[15]

English Translation: Extract of what to tell to a twenty year old... Finally, I would say that of all virtues, the most important, since it is the driving force of and the most necessary to exercise all other virtues, the most important seems for me that of courage, courages, and specially the one which is not talked about and which consists of remaining faithfully loyal to the dreams during the years of youth. Applying this courage, these courages, perhaps that such is the « Honor of living ».

See also

Publications
  • Les Champs de braises. Mémoires with Laurent Beccaria, édition Perrin, 1995, (ISBN 2262011184), Prix littéraire de l'armée de terre - Erwan Bergot in 1995, Prix Femina essai in 1996.
  • Les Sentinelles du soir, édition Les Arènes, 1999, (ISBN 2912485029)
  • Indochine, notre guerre orpheline, édition Les Arènes, 2000, (ISBN 2912485207)
  • Notre histoire (1922-1945) with August von Kageneck, conversations recueillies par Étienne de Montety, édition Les Arènes, 2002, (ISBN 2912485347)
  • Die Wächter des Abends, Édition Atlantis, 2000, (ISBN 3932711513)[16]
  • Asche und Glut. Erinnerungen. Résistance und KZ Buchenwald. Fallschirmjäger der Fremdenlegion. Indochina und Algerienkrieg. Putsch gegen de Gaulle, Édition Atlantis, 1998, 2003, (ISBN 3932711505)[17]
  • Toute une vie ou Paroles d'Hélie de Saint Marc written in collaboration with Laurent Beccaria, volume comprenant un CD audio d'émission radiophonique, édition Les Arènes, 2004, (ISBN 2912485770)
  • La Guerre d'Algérie 1954-1962, with Patrick Buisson, foreword by Michel Déon (with DVD), Albin Michel, 2009 (ISBN 222618175X)
  • PDF Lettre à la jeunesse by Hélie de Saint Marc Archived 2009-06-12 at the Wayback Machine
  • L’Aventure et l’Espérance, édition Les Arènes, 2010, (ISBN 9782352040910)
  • Lettre à la jeunesse (Letter to the youth) d'Hélie de Saint Marc Archived 2009-06-12 at the Wayback Machine

Bibliography
  • Laurent Beccaria, Hélie de Saint-Marc, éd. Perrin, 1989; reprint « Tempus », 2008.

Documentaries
  • Patrick Jeudy, Un homme d’honneur ( A Man of Honor), produit par Françoise Castro, 52 min. France 2, la Cinquième et Planète. 1996.
  • Alain de Sédouy, « Le dernier engagement » ( The Last Engagement) d’Hélie de Saint Marc Édition ECPAD, 2008.
  • Georges Mourier, Servir ? – Hélie de Saint Marc ( Service ?), Coll. Le choix des hommes, 52 min, Édition À l’image près, 2008.

References
  1. Le Journal officiel du 26 novembre 2011 écrit « Denoix de Saint Marc (Marie, Joseph, Elie) »
  2. BNF, Notice autorité, créée le 18 juillet 1990, mise à jour le 28 juin 2005
  3. « Hélie de Saint Marc est mort », Le Figaro, le 26 août 2013
  4. Publication au Journal officiel du 30 novembre 2002.
  5. « Sarkozy décore un ancien officier putschiste », L'Express, 28 novembre 2011.
  6. Infis Bordeaux
  7. « Les obsèques d'Hélie Denoix de Saint-Marc célébrées à Lyon », Le Point, 30 août 2014.
  8. « Eloge funèbre prononcé le vendredi 30 août aux obsèques d’Hélie de Saint Marc par le général Bruno Dary » Archived 2015-10-09 at the Wayback Machine, Valeurs Actuelles, 4 septembre 2013.
  9. Lien web|titre =Obsèques du commandant Hélie de Saint-Marc à Lyon|url = http://www.lyonpeople.com/les-gens/en-direct-de-st-jean-les-obseques-dhelie-denoix-de-saint-marc-2013-08-30.html%7Csite%5B%5D = Lyon People|date = 30 août 2013|
  10. « Vidéos des obsèques d'Hélie de Saint Marc »
  11. Anne Rovan, « Béziers : Robert Ménard honore un symbole de l'Algérie française », Le Figaro, 14 mars 2015
  12. Étienne de Montety, « Hélie de Saint Marc, homme de refus et de réconciliation », Le Figaro, 14 mars 2015
  13. Les sentinelles du Soir, Hélie de Saint Marc, Les Arènes, year 1999, ISBN 2-912485-02-9, page 26
  14. à la la jeunesse to the youth, anthologie de textes, éd. Librio, 2016 ISBN 978-2-290-12061-3, p. 21
  15. à la jeunesse to the youth, anthologie de textes, éd. Librio, 2016 ISBN 978-2-290-12061-3, p. 23
  16. German translation of the Sentinelles du soir.
  17. Traduction allemande des Champs de braises. Mémoires.

Sources
  • Asche und Glut. Erinnerungen. Résistance und KZ Buchenwald. Fallschirmjäger der Fremdenlegion. Indochina- und Algerienkrieg.
  • Putsch gegen de Gaulle, Edition Atlantis, 1998, 2003, ISBN 3-932711-50-5, German traduction of Champs de braises. Mémoires (www.editionatlantis.de)
  • Die Wächter des Abends, Edition Atlantis, 2000, ISBN 3-932711-51-3, German translation of Sentinelles du soir (www.editionatlantis.de)
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