Heparin cofactor II

Heparin cofactor II (HCII), a protein encoded by the SERPIND1 gene, is a coagulation factor that inhibits IIa, and is a cofactor for heparin and dermatan sulfate ("minor antithrombin").[5]

SERPIND1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesSERPIND1, D22S673, HC2, HCF2, HCII, HLS2, LS2, THPH10, serpin family D member 1
External IDsOMIM: 142360 MGI: 96051 HomoloGene: 36018 GeneCards: SERPIND1
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

3053

15160

Ensembl

ENSG00000099937

ENSMUSG00000022766

UniProt

P05546

P49182

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_000185

NM_008223
NM_001331047

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000176

NP_001317976
NP_032249

Location (UCSC)Chr 22: 20.77 – 20.79 MbChr 16: 17.15 – 17.16 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

The product encoded by this gene is a serine protease inhibitor which rapidly inhibits thrombin in the presence of dermatan sulfate or heparin. The gene contains five exons and four introns. This protein shares homology with antithrombin III and other members of the alpha-1 antitrypsin superfamily. Mutations in this gene are associated with heparin cofactor II deficiency.[5] Heparin cofactor II deficiency can lead to increased thrombin generation and a hypercoagulable state.

A purification experiment of heparin cofactor II was performed in 1981, in which it was discovered that the purified version of the protein consists of a single polypeptide chain.[6] Further experimentation demonstrated that whether β-Mercaptoethanol is present does not affect HCII's activity in gel electrophoresis. β-Mercaptoethanol is typically used for the reduction of disulfide bonds within a molecule, but the gel electrophoresis revealed that HCII does not have any of these bonds. The structure is similar to antithrombin III (ATIII), which was known to effectively inhibit thrombin as well as coagulation factor Xa.[6] This experiment suggested that HCII has strong thrombin inhibition, yet weak inhibition of coagulation factor Xa.

Heparin cofactor II may play a role in the immune response, as it has been associated with leukocyte-mediated protein degradation, which releases cytokines in the inflammatory response with neutrophils and monocytes.[7] Its role has been questioned because although it is a thrombin inhibitor, an absence of HCII does not result in significantly higher levels of thrombosis.[7] This does not negate the results of the 1981 study, but novel discoveries create more questions of the biological mechanism and function of the protein. However, this cofactor shows stronger capability in inhibiting thrombin in pregnant women, protecting them from thrombosis. Pregnant women have shown increased levels of heparin cofactor II as well as dermatan sulfate, which is a polysaccharide that is expected to be involved in wound repair, coagulation, and overall maintenance throughout the body. Pregnant women who had thrombosis are likely to also have low levels of heparin cofactor II, but whether this is a causation is still unknown.[8]

References

  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000099937 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022766 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. "Entrez Gene: SERPIND1 serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade D (heparin cofactor), member 1".
  6. Tollefsen, D M; Majerus, D W; Blank, M K (March 1982). "Heparin cofactor II. Purification and properties of a heparin-dependent inhibitor of thrombin in human plasma". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 257 (5): 2162–2169. doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34900-7. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 6895893.
  7. Brummel-Ziedins, Kathleen; Mann, Kenneth G. (2018-01-01). "Molecular Basis of Blood Coagulation". Hematology: 1885–1905.e8. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-35762-3.00126-8. ISBN 9780323357623.
  8. Huntington, James A. (2005-01-01). "Heparin Activation of Serpins". Chemistry and Biology of Heparin and Heparan Sulfate: 367–398. doi:10.1016/B978-008044859-6/50014-9. ISBN 9780080448596.

Further reading

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