Highway system in Taiwan

Highways in Taiwan are classified into five types:

LevelNameChineseTaiwanese MandarinTaiwanese HokkienTaiwanese HakkaNumbersNotes
1National Highways國道GuódàoKok-tōKoet-tho1 – 10Labeled as Freeway
2Provincial Highways省道ShěngdàoSéng-tōSén-tho1 – 39, 61 – 88The latter are labeled as Expressway
3County and City Highways縣道、市道Xiàndào, ShìdàoKoān-tō, Chhī-tōYen-tho, Sṳ-tho101 – 205
4Township and District Roads鄉道、區道Xiāngdào, QūdàoKiong-tō, Khu-tōHiông-tho, Khî-tho
5Special Roads專用公路Zhuānyòng GōnglùChoan-iōng Kong-lō͘Chôn-yung Kûng-lu

The system does not apply to other parts of Taiwan, namely Kinmen and Lienchiang counties, and islands in the South China Sea.

Expressways in Taiwan may be controlled-access highways similar to National Freeways or limited-access roads. Most have urban roads and intra-city expressways (as opposed to Highway system) status, although some are built and maintained by cities.

Pedestrians

Pedestrian is one topic where few progress have been observed, from 429 in 2011 to a high of 458 in 2019 to 410 last year. The number of injured climbed, from 13,787 in 2011 to 15,589 last year.[1]

This record is related to infrastructure and education different from that of other industrialized territories.[2]

The numbering system

As a general rule, the odd numbers represent north–south highways and even numbers represent east–west. The numbers increase moving west to east and north to south. Major north-south provincial highways are indicated by a one-digit number. Special routes of a highway use the same number, followed by a heavenly stem character. However, for English translation, these characters are replaced by letters in the alphabetical order.

National highways

National highways are freeways with controlled access.[nb 1]

National highways of Taiwan

History

The first controlled-access highway, and a predecessor to the national highways in Taiwan, was the MacArthur Thruway, built in 1964 between Keelung and Taipei.[3] Construction on the first modern national highway, National Highway 1 began in 1971. The northern section between Keelung and Zhongli was completed in 1974, and the entire freeway was completed in 1978. It runs from the northern harbor city of Keelung to the southern harbor city of Kaohsiung, while there was an 8.6-kilometre (5.3 mi) branch (No. 1A) connecting to Chiang Kai-shek International Airport (now Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport).

Construction began on the other freeways in the late 1980s. The northern section of the second north–south freeway (National Highway 3) between Xizhi and Hsinchu was completed in 1997. The No. 1A Branch was extended to link No. 3 Freeway at Yingge, Taipei, and renamed as the National Highway 2. Three other short freeways (No. 4, No. 8, and No. 10) were built to link the two north–south freeways in Taichung County (now part of Taichung City), Tainan County (now part of Tainan City), and Kaohsiung County (now part of Kaohsiung City), respectively. The entire No. 3 Freeway was completed in January 2004.

To ease the congestion of No. 1 Freeway in the Taipei metropolitan area, a 20-kilometre (12 mi) viaduct was built in 1997 along the original freeway between Xizhi and the Wugu District of New Taipei to serve as a bypass for traffic not exiting and entering the freeway within Taipei.

The construction of a freeway connecting the Taipei metropolitan area and Yilan County began in 1991 and was completed in June 2006. It includes a 12.9-kilometre (8.0 mi) tunnel (Hsuehshan Tunnel), which is the ninth-longest road tunnel in the world. An extension from Yilan County to Hualien County is planned. However, its construction is being delayed by environmental concerns.

On January 2, 2014, the toll system was converted to a distance-based one. Tolls are no longer collected at toll booths but automatically by electronic toll collection (ETC).

Length, exits, and entrances
  • Exit advance
    Exit advance
  • Freeway entrance
    Freeway entrance
  • The pre-2006 Taiwan freeway exit sign. The 27 indicates that the exit is the 27th exit, calculated from the northernmost / westernmost point of the freeway.
    The pre-2006 Taiwan freeway exit sign. The 27 indicates that the exit is the 27th exit, calculated from the northernmost / westernmost point of the freeway.
  • The post-2005 Taiwan freeway exit sign. The 27 indicates that the exit is located at the 27th kilometer, calculating from the northernmost / westernmost point of the freeway. Provincial expressways also allow it in 2007.
    The post-2005 Taiwan freeway exit sign. The 27 indicates that the exit is located at the 27th kilometer, calculating from the northernmost / westernmost point of the freeway. Provincial expressways also allow it in 2007.

Every one tenth of a kilometer is marked on the freeway with Arabic numerals to indicate freeway mileage, which indicates the number of kilometers away from the northern end or western end of the freeway. Exit numbers are based on the freeway mileage. With the notable exception of exit-only signs, which are only expressed in Chinese (but with a right arrow indicating an exit-only lane), exit notification and system route reminder signs in the freeway system are almost identical to their US counterparts.

A diagram that distinguishes an exit only lane from the regular lanes. The exit only lane has a right-turn arrow symbol and Chinese characters that say "Exit exclusive lane."

There are four types of exit notification signs. The first notification sign appears two kilometers before the exit, providing the destination name and an Exit 2 km notice. The second sign appears one kilometer before the exit, providing the destination name and a Right Lane notice. The Right Lane notice warns the exiting driver to start switching to the right lane in preparation to exit and does not necessarily indicate that the right lane is an exit-only lane. The third sign appears a few hundred meters before the exit, providing the destination name and a right tilted arrow. The fourth sign is located at the exit and says Exit with a tilted right arrow.

Sign that indicates that the exit is two kilometers away.
Sign that indicates that the exit is one kilometer away.

Exit notification signs were slightly altered in December 2005. The green exit mileage label on top of the exit notification sign has been replaced with a yellow exit mileage label accompanied with the Chinese code name of the interchange. The Chinese code name of the interchange does not necessarily reflect the destinations listed on the exit signs and may represent the general location of the freeway interchange.

Long rectangular-dash dividers usually separate normal lanes. Short rectangular-dash dividers usually indicates a lane that is ready to turn into an exit, a merging lane, or a lane reserved for vehicles that have difficulty climbing high grade regions of the freeway.

Freeway entrances may have traffic lights to control the flow of vehicles entering the freeway.

Speed limit

The speed limit for cars on Taiwan's freeways range from 80 km/h (50 mph) on Freeway No. 5 (north of Toucheng, Yilan) to 110 km/h (68 mph) on Freeway No. 3 (south of Tucheng, New Taipei). The speed limit for trucks are usually 10 km/h lower. In non-traffic jam conditions, a vehicle must travel at least 60 km/h (37 mph).

Speed limits are enforced through radar activated cameras that take pictures of speed-violating cars. Because of protests, yellow warning signs are given in advance in Chinese of approaching radar activated cameras.

Following distances

As tailgating poses serious hazards of rear-ending, Article 6 of the Freeway and Expressway Traffic Control Regulation (Chinese: 高速公路及快速公路交通管制規則) requires the following minimum following distances when the weather is fine:

Speed Minimum distance per large vehicle
(大型車)		 Minimum distance per small vehicle
(小型車)
60 km/h 40 m 30 m
70 km/h 50 m 35 m
80 km/h 60 m 40 m
90 km/h 70 m 45 m
100 km/h 80 m 50 m
110 km/h 90 m 55 m

Longer following distance is required in the Hsuehshan Tunnel.

Traveling through tunnels

In the tunnel portions of freeways, lane change is prohibited when the lane divider consists of two parallel solid lines, used when lane change is considered unsafe should a collision cause a vehicular fire. Headlights must be turned on when traveling through tunnels; this is enforced by special cameras. Unlawful lane change or failure to turn on headlights in a tunnel is subject to an administrative fine of 3000 new Taiwan dollars.

Additional restrictions apply for the Hsuehshan Tunnel on Freeway No. 5, which is the longest tunnel in the entire system.

Prohibited traffic

Article 19 of the Freeway and Expressway Traffic Control Regulation prohibits uses of and entries onto the freeways by:

  1. Pedestrians.
  2. Military troops marching or conducting drills.
  3. Non-motorized vehicles
  4. Motorcycles (see also Restrictions on motorcycle use on freeways#Taiwan for more information).
  5. Three-wheel motor vehicles or motorized pedicabs.
  6. Farm machineries.
  7. Motorized machineries not being motor vehicles.
  8. Towed vehicles not disabled on the freeways or expressways.

Electronic toll collection

Odd-numbered freeways have tolls, which are automatically collected by ETC. The current rate for cars is (NT$1.2/km up to 200 km) + (NT$0.9/excess km), km being kilometers traveled per day. The first 20 km per day is free and thus deducted from the distance. Freeways may be used directly, but users are advised to apply for an “eTag”, which is free and when equipped gives 10% discounts and allows you to store pre-paid money for tolls. The eTag can also be set to pay tolls automatically with credit card or a savings account. Users without the eTag pay tolls at convenience stores 3 days after usage and if not, bills will be mailed to car owners.

Service and Rest Areas
  • Service Area Ahead
    Service Area Ahead
  • Exit to Service Area
    Exit to Service Area
  • Rest Area Ahead
    Rest Area Ahead
  • Exit to Rest Area
    Exit to Rest Area

Freeway service and rest areas start appearing south of Taoyuan City on the No. 1 and No. 3 freeways. Most rest areas provide gas stations, gift shops, convenience stores, and food courts. The Qingshui rest area located on the 172.4 km mileage marker of National Highway No. 3 is so popular that visitors can only park for 45 minutes and are prohibited from barbecuing.

List of national highways

There are eight national highways as of 2011. They are administered by the National Freeway Bureau.

Provincial Highways
Taiwan Highways 1 and 68 near Hsinchu

Provincial highways (of the Taiwan Province) are administered by Directorate General of Highways under Department of Transportation and Communications since 1999. Before the mid-1990s, the route numbers of provincial highways were limited to 1–27. In 1992, planning started for 12 east–west expressways and the West Coast Expressway, indicated by route numbers greater than 60, to ease the congestion in the freeways. Some of these expressways are still under construction.

Many of these provincial highways cross through the special municipalities (i.e. Kaohsiung, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei) which are not part of Taiwan Province. Officially, provincial highways are now known as Taiwan highways, but many people still refer to them as provincial roads (Chinese: 省道; pinyin: Shěng Dào).

In 2007, provincial expressways started using the same exit notification signs that national freeways started using in 2006.

The following is a list of all provincial highways as of 2 August 2006:[4]

Ordinary Provincial Highways and Expressways(red), Bypass(green)

Ordinary Provincial Highways

Quasi Expressways
  • 63 (South District, Taichung - Caotun, Nantou) (Zhongtou Highway, 中投公路)
  • 68A (controlled-access) (PH 68 to County Road 123)
  • 74A (controlled-access) (PH 74, Kuaiguan IC to PH 1 in Huatan, Changhua)

Expressways

Since July 1, 2006, the Freeway and Expressway Traffic Control Regulation (Chinese: 高速公路及快速公路交通管制規則) applies the same traffic rules on the freeways to the expressways, including the same prohibited traffic and following distances. While motorcycles remain generally banned from the expressways, Article 19 of the Freeway and Expressway Traffic Control Regulation makes it officially possible to allow a motorcycle with a cylinder capacity of more than 550 cm3 on certain expressways subject to the following restrictions:

  1. No sharing the same lane to drive side by side with or to overtake another vehicle, not even another motorcycle
  2. Headlight on at all times

A trial program to allow a motorcycle with a cylinder capacity of more than 550 cm3 on Provincial Highway 68 and Provincial Highway 72 started in January 2005 for one year and was extended an additional year. On July 2, 2006, more than 1500 Taiwanese motorcyclists took to the streets in Taipei to demand more open highways; Provincial Highways 68 and 72 were the only Taiwanese expressways open to high-end motorcycles.[5]

Since 2007, a motorcycle with a cylinder capacity of at least 550 cm3 may be driven on expressways but not freeways.[6] This major change has resulted in mixed reactions.[7]

County and City Highways
Main article: List of county and city highways in Taiwan
Taiwanese Guide Sign G3: County and City Route
Taiwanese Guide Sign G3: County and City Route

Taiwan County Road No. 120 Taiwan County Road No. 123

County and City Highways are numbered from 101 to 205 since the numbered highways in Penghu (Pescadores) are incorporated into the system. Including those branch lines, there are totally 147 County and City Highways, and the total length stretches over 3,500 kilometres. The lowest number 101 is in New Taipei City. The route numbers generally increase moving north to south. Route No. 200 is in Pingtung. Routes No. 201 to 205 are in Penghu. County Highways numbered 179, 184, 195 are nonexistent.

Township and District Roads
Taiwanese Guide Sign G4: Township and District Route
Taiwanese Guide Sign G4: Township and District Route

Hsinchu Township Road No. 21 Hsinchu Township Road No. 23

A Township or District Road is prefixed the abbreviation of the county or city in a Chinese character where it is located. For example, the sample signs above show Hsinchu Roads No. 22, 21, and 23.

Special Roads

Special Roads in Taiwan are rarely used and appear in certain places.

See also

Notes
  1. This term "freeway" means "free of signals", not "free of charge"

References
  1. "Taiwan: A 'living hell for pedestrians' - Taipei Times". 6 August 2022.
  2. "Taiwan: A 'living hell for pedestrians' - Taipei Times". 6 August 2022.
  3. "Da Ai Headlines for May 2, 2011". Da Ai World News. 2011-05-02. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
  4. Provincial road table (in Chinese)
  5. Taipei Times: 1,500 bikers take to the streets to demand open roads, July 3, 2006 (in English)
  6. Taipei Times: Large-engined bikes take to the nation's expressways, November 1, 2007 (in English)
  7. Taipei Times: Reaction to motorbike rule mixed, November 4, 2007 (in English)
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