Hodge Kirnon

Hodge Kirnon (13 May 1891 - November 1962)[1][2] was a Montserratian scholar, historian, and literary critic,[3] who also worked as an elevator operator at Alfred Stieglitz' gallery 291.[4][5] He has been described as "one of the leading lights of the postwar Negro Renaissance"[2] and as Montserrat's first historian.[3]

Hodge Kirnon
Hodge Kirnon by Alfred Stieglitz, 1917
Born(1891-05-13)May 13, 1891
St John's, Montserrat
Died1962
New York City
Occupation(s)Scholar, historian, activist, elevator operator
Employer291 (art gallery)
Organization(s)International Colored Unity League; Harlem Educational Forum

Personal life

Hodge Kirnon was born in St John's, Montserrat in 1891.[3] He emigrated to the US in 1907, and married Laura Meade in New York on 14 June 1919.[3][6] The couple had a daughter, Inez.[6]

Kirnon became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1928.[7] He died in New York in November 1962.[1]

Activism and scholarship

In New York, Kirnon "established a reputation as a thinker and a journalist".[3] He contributed regularly to publications such as The Messenger and Negro World, and associated closely with fellow Harlem radicals like Hubert Harrison and Joel Augustus Rogers.[8][9] In 1920, he moved towards Marcus Garvey's movement, but was unafraid of criticising it.[7] He wrote in support of the movement's "racial radicalism", but described it as "downright ignorance and unspeakable folly" not to work interracially in fighting for workers' rights.[7] According to UCLA's Marcus Garvey and UNIA Papers Project, Kirnon believed that "Racial consciousness should... be developed alongside of class consciousness."[7]

Kirnon began editing the "short-lived but significant magazine",[10] The Promoter in 1920, described by Negro World as "radical and racial".[11][12][7] He was vice president of and a speaker for the International Colored Unity League (ICUL), which called for "Political Equality, Social Justice and Civic Opportunity".[8] ICUL's other officers included Harrison, John I. Lewis, and J. Dominick Simmons.[8] Kirnon was also involved in the Harlem Educational Forum (HEF), alongside Richard B. Moore, Grace Campbell, and others.[8] The committee believed in "the necessity of full, free and vigorous discussion as the only means of discovering the truth.” Its motto was "Admission free, thought free, speech free— eventually, mankind free."[8] Kirnon took part in a debate at Ethelred Brown's radical Harlem Unitarian Church, arguing for "no" on the question: "Is Religion a Vital Factor in Human Progress?”[13]

In 1925, Kirnon published a book called Montserrat and the Montserratians, based on a lecture at the Montserrat Progressive Society Hall in New York the year before.[3] By 1928, he was chairman of the publicity committee for the Montserrat Progressive Society.[7] Writing in The Messenger, Joel Augustus Rogers described Kirnon as "a finer poised and better equipped sociological thinker than any other Negro I know of."[14]

291

To support his scholarship and activism, Kirnon took a job as an elevator operator in Alfred Stieglitz' gallery at 291 Fifth Avenue, known as 291.[10] Art historian Tara Kohn has explored the uneasy space occupied by Kirnon at 291, where he was both a part of, and apart from, the gallery as an artistic and cultural center.[10] This is explored using Stieglitz' 1917 photograph of Kirnon as a starting point, where:

In the portrait, the dark skin of Kirnon’s fingertips trace the white fabric of his shirt, and he tugs at his suspenders in a subtle gesture toward the menial job he had taken to support his intellectual and cultural work: to lift viewers from the restless sidewalks of Midtown Manhattan to the attic-level artistic center... In the elevator, he crossed paths with artists—many of them foreigners and outsiders engaged in their own struggle of “getting up,” as the German-born painter Oscar Bluemner once put it, of negotiating the “vertical of American society”—who occasionally invited Kirnon into the inner sanctum of their circle.[10]

In a 1917 letter, Stieglitz described his photograph of Kirnon as one "of the finest things I’ve done".[4] Kirnon offered his own reflections on the gallery in a 1915 article for the photographic journal Camera Work, entitled 'What 291 Means to Me'.[10][15] He wrote:

I have found in “291” a spirit which fosters liberty, defines no methods, never pretends to know, never condemns, but always encourages those who are daring enough to be intrepid.[10]

In his role at 291, Kirnon has been described elsewhere as "the symbolic gatekeeper of sorts to artistic enlightenment".[16]

Kirnon was featured as a character in the 2013 short film Looking for Mr. Stieglitz.[17]

Bibliography
  • 'What 291 Means to Me' in Camera Work (January 1915)[15]
  • Montserrat and Montserratians (1925)

References
  1. "United States Obituary Notices". www.tributes.com. 1962.
  2. Garvey, Marcus (2014-09-29). The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Volume XII: The Caribbean Diaspora, 1920-1921. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-7618-7.
  3. Fergus, Howard A. (1996). Gallery Montserrat: some prominent people in our history. Kingston: Canoe Press, Univ. of the West Indies. ISBN 978-976-8125-25-5.
  4. "Alfred Stieglitz | Hodge Kirnon". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
  5. "Alfred Stieglitz's 291 - A Gallery That Changed Photography | Widewalls". www.widewalls.ch. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
  6. Kirnon, Laura (1927). "United States Naturalization Petitions". Findmypast.
  7. "Mgpp .::. UCLA Africa Studies Center". www.nhlrc.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2023-09-23.
  8. "17 NYC Talks, Workers School, and Modern Quarterly (January– September 1926)", Hubert Harrison, Columbia University Press, pp. 638–671, 2021-12-31, doi:10.7312/perr18262-019, ISBN 978-0-231-55242-4, retrieved 2023-09-22
  9. African fundamentalism : a literary and cultural anthology of Garvey's Harlem Renaissance. Internet Archive. Dover, Mass. : Majority Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-912469-09-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  10. "Elevated: Along the Fringes of 291 Fifth Avenue". Panorama. Retrieved 2023-09-23.
  11. James, Winston (2018-12-31), "5. Harlem's Difference", Race Capital?, Columbia University Press, pp. 111–142, doi:10.7312/fear18322-008, ISBN 978-0-231-54480-1, retrieved 2023-09-22
  12. Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance. Internet Archive. New York : Routledge. 2004. ISBN 978-1-57958-389-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  13. Turner, Joyce Moore (2020). "The Rev. E. Ethelred Brown and the Harlem Renaissance, 1920–2020". Journal of Caribbean History. 54 (1): 30–54. doi:10.1353/jch.2020.0005. ISSN 0799-5946.
  14. "The Messenger". HathiTrust. 1925. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
  15. "Camera Work: A Photographic Quarterly (1914 (Heft 47))". doi:10.11588/diglit.31336.10. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. "The Secret NYC Gallery that brought Picasso & the Avant-garde to America". Messy Nessy Chic. 2019-05-16. Retrieved 2023-09-23.
  17. "291 The Movie - Home". www.291themovie.com. Retrieved 2023-09-23.
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