Robotic mapping

The robot has two sources of information: the idiothetic and the allothetic sources. When in motion, a robot can use dead reckoning methods such as tracking the number of revolutions of its wheels; this corresponds to the idiothetic source and can give the absolute position of the robot, but it is subject to cumulative error which can grow quickly.

The allothetic source corresponds the sensors of the robot, like a camera, a microphone, laser, lidar or sonar. The problem here is "perceptual aliasing". This means that two different places can be perceived as the same. For example, in a building, it is nearly impossible to determine a location solely with the visual information, because all the corridors may look the same.[2] 3-dimensional models of a robot's environment can be generated using range imaging sensors[3] or 3D scanners.[4][5]

The internal representation of the map can be "metric" or "topological":[6]

• The metric framework is the most common for humans and considers a two-dimensional space in which it places the objects. The objects are placed with precise coordinates. This representation is very useful, but is sensitive to noise and it is difficult to calculate the distances precisely.
• The topological framework only considers places and relations between them. Often, the distances between places are stored. The map is then a graph, in which the nodes corresponds to places and arcs correspond to the paths.

Many techniques use probabilistic representations of the map, in order to handle uncertainty.

There are three main methods of map representations, i.e., free space maps, object maps, and composite maps. These employ the notion of a grid, but permit the resolution of the grid to vary so that it can become finer where more accuracy is needed and more coarse where the map is uniform.

Map learning cannot be separated from the localization process, and a difficulty arises when errors in localization are incorporated into the map. This problem is commonly referred to as Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM).

An important additional problem is to determine whether the robot is in a part of environment already stored or never visited. One way to solve this problem is by using electric beacons, Near field communication (NFC), WiFi, Visible light communication (VLC) and Li-Fi and Bluetooth.[7]

Path planning is an important issue as it allows a robot to get from point A to point B. Path planning algorithms are measured by their computational complexity. The feasibility of real-time motion planning is dependent on the accuracy of the map (or floorplan), on robot localization and on the number of obstacles. Topologically, the problem of path planning is related to the shortest path problem of finding a route between two nodes in a graph.

Outdoor robots can use GPS in a similar way to automotive navigation systems.

Alternative systems can be used with floor plan and beacons instead of maps for indoor robots, combined with localization wireless hardware.[8] Electric beacons can help for cheap robot navigational systems.

• Automotive navigation system
• Domestic robot
• AVM Navigator
• Dead reckoning
• Electric beacon
• GPS
• Home automation for the elderly and disabled
• Internet of Things (IoT)
• Indoor positioning system
• Map database management
• Maze Simulator
• Mobile robot
• Neato Robotics
• PatrolBot
• Real-time locating system (RTLS).
• Robotics suite
• Occupancy grid
• Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM)
• Multi Autonomous Ground-robotic International Challenge: A challenge requiring multiple vehicles to collaboratively map a large dynamic urban environment
• Wayfinding
• Wi-Fi positioning system (WPS)