Housing in Europe

Many Europeans struggle to find affordable housing. The issue is especially bad in many urban areas, where 70% of the EU's population lives. Lack of affordable housing impairs the quality of life for many people. Long commutes reduce quality for life and increase carbon emissions for people travelling by car. Lack of high-quality housing increases the social divide, causing public health problems, poor public safety, lack of workers in central locations, inefficient labour markets and other issues. Almost half of all European residential buildings were constructed pre-1970 when energy consumption in materials, standards and techniques was not considered. The European Commission found that 75% of buildings and housing need to be made more energy-efficient to meet climate goals.

Mickeln House in Düsseldorf, Germany.

Overview

Zumtobel Group, an Austrian lighting company is researching more efficient lighting and light management to use lighting systems only when needed. In 2019, the European Investment Bank approved loans to broaden the company's research into connecting lighting to digital services. In both Sweden and Poland, there is a dramatically increasing demand for affordable housing in mid-size cities. Sweden is building thousands of affordable rental homes with near-zero energy use and the highest efficiency standards, the European Investment Bank approved a nearly €300 million loan in September 2019 to support this work. In the Polish city of Poznań, many residents do not qualify for city-supported affordable housing due to their high incomes but are unable to buy a home in the regular market because of low credit rating. The city and a local housing company began a project for these residents to build more than 1 000 flats that also have a kindergarten, day-care centre, a playground and parking spaces for people with disabilities. The European Investment Bank provided a €34 million loan for this project.

In 2015, more than 4 out of every 10 persons (42.0%) in the EU-28 lived in flats, close to one quarter (24.1%) in semi-detached

Château des Milandes in Castelnaud-la-Chapelle, France

houses and one third (33.3%) in detached houses. The proportion of people living in flats was highest, among the EU Member States, in Spain (65.9%), Latvia (65.0%) and Estonia (62.6%), while the highest proportions of people living in semi-detached houses were reported in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom (both 59.9%) and Ireland (51.6%); these were the only Member States where more than half of the population lived in a semi-detached house. The share of people living in detached houses peaked in Croatia (73.4%), Slovenia (65.1%), Hungary (62.1%) and Romania (60.1%); Serbia (66.1%) and Norway (61.2%) also reported that more than 6 out of every 10 persons in of their population were living in detached houses.

Germany

Germany provides several business tax incentives for local government in housing development. These incentives are designed to attract investors and promote the construction of affordable social housing in urban areas. Some of them are:[1][2]

  • Reduced Corporate Tax Rate: Local governments in Germany can benefit from a reduced corporate tax rate of 15% for income obtained from rental housing development projects. This tax incentive is applicable to all income generated from the project, including rent, interest, and capital gains.
  • Depreciation Deduction: Local governments can similarly benefit from a depreciation deduction for the buildings constructed under the housing development project. This deduction can be claimed over a period of up to 50 years, and is based on the construction costs incurred by the local government.
  • Capital Gains Exemption: Local governments can also benefit from capital gains tax exemptions if they sell the housing units constructed under the housing development project, after a certain period of time. The period varies from state to state, but is typically around 10 years.

Data

Data as of 2007 except: Switzerland where the data is from 2009 and "detached houses" data, which is from 2018.

Since 2010, the percentage of those living in detached houses across the EU 27 has remained stable, with the percentage of those living in detached houses remaining in the range of 34.5% to 35.8%. The only region of Europe with a distinctive trend is

Twin houses in The Hague, Netherlands

the Nordic countries, where the percentage of those living in detached houses is in steady decline. The percentage of those living in detached houses in Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and Iceland, fell from 63%, 59%, 48%, and 36% to 58%, 54%, 44%, and 32% respectively. The only Nordic country resistant to this trend is Finland, where the percentage of those living in detached houses has remained stable in the 47.6% to 46.1% range.

In the period of 2010 to 2018, the country in the EU 27 with the greatest percent decrease in those living in detached houses was Luxembourg, with a decrease from 43.3% to 34.7%. The greatest percentage increase was to Romania, where the percentage of those living in detached houses increased from 60.8% to 65.2%.

countrydetached housessemi-detached or terraced housesflatsowningrentingfree accommodation
EU-28 (2015) average33.3%24.1%42%69.4%19.7%10.9%
Belgium36%39%25%67%31%2%
Czech Republic39%10%56%72%24%4%
Denmark53%15%38%58%42%-
Germany26%13%62%46%52%3%
Estonia34%4%69%83%8%10%
Ireland40%55%4%77%21%1%
Greece32%10%55%73%21%6%
Spain13%19%66%83%11%7%
France42%20%41%58%38%4%
Italy23%19%53%72%19%10%
Cyprus44%29%25%66%13%20%
Latvia31%5%72%84%13%4%
Lithuania35%9%59%89%3%7%
Luxembourg35%30%33%71%26%3%
Hungary65%8%35%87%7%6%
Malta5%49%46%77%21%3%
Netherlands17%55%26%56%43%-
Austria45%12%48%52%41%7%
Poland50%5%55%58%38%4%
Portugal37%23%38%73%19%9%
Romania65%3%41%96%2%2%
Slovenia66%4%31%80%8%12%
Slovakia50%2%53%89%10%2%
Finland46%19%43%67%32%1%
Sweden44%7%51%62%38%-
United Kingdom24%59%18%71%27%1%
Iceland32%15%51%83%16%2%
Norway58%19%11%78%20%3%
Switzerland (2009)25%14%58%37% [3]60%-
Residence in Palermo, Italy

Lack of affordable housing

Lack of affordable housing impairs the quality of life for many people. Long commutes reduce quality for life and increase carbon emissions for people travelling by car. it also increases the social divide, causing public health problems, poor public safety, lack of workers in central locations, inefficient labour markets and other issues.[4][5]

Funding

In both Sweden and Poland, there is a dramatically increasing demand for affordable housing in mid-size cities. Sweden is

Suburban housing in Békés, Hungary

building thousands of affordable rental homes with near-zero energy use and the highest efficiency standards, the European Investment Bank approved a nearly €300 million loan in September 2019 to support this work. In the Polish city of Poznań, many residents do not qualify for city-supported affordable housing due to their high incomes but are unable to buy a home in the regular market because of low credit rating. The city and a local housing company began a project for these residents to build more than 1,000 flats that also have a kindergarten, day-care centre, a playground and parking spaces for people with disabilities. The European Investment Bank provided a €34 million loan for this project.[6]

In Tallinn, a recently established network of 19 European communities are aiming to raise the standard of living for their population while lessening their environmental footprint. The city is receiving a €100 million loan as support from the European Investment Bank, in order to upgrade public spaces, schools, social housing and energy efficient measures.[7][8]

In 2022, Polish bank BGK will get a €133 million loan to help fund social and affordable homes across the country. The project is set to produce 5,000 new and 500 restored housing units across Poland, with the majority located in cohesion regions.[7][9]

Energy efficiency

There is a shortage of energy-efficient homes in Europe, the issue is especially bad in many urban areas, where 70% of the EU's population lives. Almost half of all European residential buildings were constructed pre-1970, when energy consumption in materials, standards and techniques was not considered. The European Commission found that 75% of buildings and housing need to be made more energy efficient to meet climate goals.[4]

Terraced houses in Chojna, Poland
Houses by the sea in Mandal, Norway

References
  1. "Taxation and Investment in Germany 2018." Deloitte, 2018, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Tax/dttl-tax-germanyguide-2018.pdf
  2. "Tax incentives for housing development." German National Contact Point for the European Initiative for Sustainable Cities and Towns, 2018, https://www.nachhaltigebeschaffung.de/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumente/NCP_IEE_WEBINAR_Tax_incentives_for_housing_development.pdf
  3. "TENLAW: Tenancy Law and Housing Policy in Multi-level Europe. National Report Switzerland" (PDF). Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  4. "Social housing cuts emissions by cutting commutes". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
  5. "EU Faces Affordable Housing Crisis Excluding Young People From Top-Quality Job Opportunities, Says World Bank". World Bank. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
  6. "Social housing cuts emissions by cutting commutes". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
  7. Bank, European Investment (2022-07-06). EIB Group Sustainability Report 2021. European Investment Bank. ISBN 978-92-861-5237-5.
  8. unesdoc.unesco.org https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377427. Retrieved 2022-07-27. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. "Press corner". European Commission - European Commission. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
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