Hrachia Acharian

Hrachia Acharian[lower-alpha 1] (Armenian: Հրաչեայ Աճառեան, reformed spelling: Հրաչյա Աճառյան Armenian pronunciation: [həɾɑtʃʰjɑ ɑtʃɑrjɑn]; 8 March 1876 – 16 April 1953) was an Armenian linguist,[1] lexicographer, etymologist, and philologist.

Hrachia Acharian
Born20 March [O.S. 8 March] 1876
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Died16 April 1953(1953-04-16) (aged 77)
Yerevan, Armenian SSR, Soviet Union
NationalityArmenian
EducationUniversity of Paris
University of Strasbourg
Occupation(s)Linguist, educator
Signature
A plaque with a small sculpture at 43 Mashtots Avenue in Yerevan, where Acharian lived between 1940 and 1953.

An Istanbul Armenian, Acharian studied at local Armenian schools and at the Sorbonne, under Antoine Meillet, and the University of Strasbourg, under Heinrich Hübschmann. He then taught in various Armenian communities in the Russian Empire and Iran before settling in the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1923, working at Yerevan State University until his death.

A polyglot, Acharian compiled several major dictionaries, including the monumental Armenian Etymological Dictionary, extensively studied Armenian dialects, compiled catalogs of Armenian manuscripts, and authored comprehensive studies on the history of Armenian language and alphabet. Acharian is considered the father of Armenian linguistics.

Life

Acharian was born to Armenian parents in Constantinople (Istanbul) on 8 March 1876.[2] He was blinded in one eye at an early age.[3] His father, Hakob, was a shoemaker. He received initial education at the Aramian and Sahagian Schools in Samatya,[4] then at the Getronagan (1889–93), where he learned French, Turkish, and Persian.[5] He spoke the Constantinople (Istanbul) dialect of Armenian natively.[6]

Upon graduation, he began teaching in Kadıköy, Constantinople, but in 1894 he moved to teach at the Sanasarian College in Erzurum.[7] In 1895 he was accepted to the University of Paris (Sorbonne), where he studied under, among others, Antoine Meillet. In 1897 he became a member of the Société de Linguistique de Paris (Linguistic Society of Paris), where he presented a study on the Laz language. He then met Heinrich Hübschmann and transferred to the University of Strasbourg in 1898.[5][2][1]

Acharian moved to Russian (Eastern) Armenia and began a teaching career at the Gevorgian Seminary in Ejmiatsin (1898–1902). He thereafter taught in Shushi (1902–04), Nor Bayazet (1906–07), Nor Nakhichevan (1907–19), and then to Iran: Tehran (1919–20) and Tabriz (1920–1923). His subjects were Armenian, French, Turkish, Armenian history, literature, and accounting. Besides teaching, he studied Armenian dialects wherever he resided.[8]

In 1923, Acharian became one of the most prominent Armenian scholars who moved to Soviet Armenia from the diaspora.[9][10] Acharian taught at Yerevan State University (YSU) from 1923 until his death in 1953.[11][1] He mostly taught Persian and Arabic[2] and in 1940 initiated the establishment of the Department of Oriental Philology/Oriental Languages and Literature at YSU.[12]

Acharian knew numerous languages: Armenian (both modern and classical), French, English, Greek, Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Hebrew, Russian, German, Italian, Latin, Kurdish, Sanskrit, Chaldean Neo-Aramaic, Avestan, Laz, Georgian, Middle Persian (Pahlavi).[13]

He was arrested on 29 September 1937, at the height of the Stalinist purges, on espionage charges. He was accused of being a spy for numerous foreign countries (Britain, Turkey) and being a member of a counter-revolutionary group of professors. He was released on 19 December 1939 due to lack of evidence.[14][7][15][16]

Acharian became a founding member of the Armenian Academy of Sciences when it was established in 1943. He had been a Corresponding Member of the Czechoslovak Oriental Institute since 1937.[17]

He died in Yerevan on 16 April 1953.[18][2] He is buried at the Tokhmakh cemetery.[19]

Acharian's bust in Yerevan

Works

On Armenian dialects
A map of Armenian dialects from Acharian's 1911 book.

In 1909 Acharian's first ever comprehensive study of Armenian dialects—Classification des dialectes arméniens ("Classification of Armenian Dialects")—was published in French in Paris.[2] The publication was praised by Antoine Meillet.[20] The Armenian edition (Հայ Բարբառագիտութիւն, Armenian Dialectal Studies) was published in 1911 with a map of the dialects.[21][22] Acharian proposed a classification based on the present and imperfect indicative particles: -owm/-um (-ում) dialects, -kə/-gə (-կը) dialects, and -el (-ել) dialects.[20][23]

In 1913 the Lazarev Institute published his Armenian Dialectal Dictionary (Հայերէն գաւառական բառարան).[24][25] It includes some 30,000 words used in Armenian dialects.[20] His studies on various Armenian dialects have also been published in separate books. These include publications on the dialects of Nor Nakhichevan (1925), Maragha (1926-30), Agulis (1935), Nor Jugha (1940), Constantinople (1941), Hamshen (1940), Van (1952), and Ardeal/Transylvania (1953).[26]

In 1902 he published the first ever study of Turkish loan words in Armenian.[27]

Armenian Etymological Dictionary

Acharian's most cited work is the Armenian Etymological Dictionary (Հայերէն արմատական բառարան). It was first published in Yerevan in seven volumes between 1926 and 1935 and includes some 11,000 entries on root words and 5,095 entries on the roots. The latter entries include early Armenian references, definitions, some 30 dialectal forms, and the borrowing of the word by other languages. Its second edition was published 1971-79 in four volumes.[1][27]

It is widely considered a monumental work,[26][28][29] that continues to be used as a reference work.[30] Antoine Meillet opined that no such perfect etymological dictionary exists in any other language.[27] John A. C. Greppin has described it as "surely the most complete ever prepared for any language."[31]

Dictionary of Armenian Proper Names

Acharian authored a Dictionary of Armenian Proper Names (Հայոց անձնանունների բառարան), which was published in five volumes from 1942 to 1962.[1][32] It includes all names mentioned in Armenian literature from the 5th to the 15th centuries with brief biographies and proper names common among Armenians thereafter.[33]

Complete Grammar of the Armenian Language

Another monumental work by Acharian is the Complete Grammar of the Armenian Language, in Comparison with 562 Languages (Լիակատար քերականություն հայոց լեզվի՝ համեմատությամբ 562 լեզուների), published in six volumes from 1952 to 1971.[1] A seventh volume was published in 2005.[34]

Historical studies

Acharian authored several major works on history and historical linguistics. The History of the Armenian Language was published in two volumes in 1940 and 1951.[1][35] It examines the origin and development of Armenian.[20]

He also authored the most comprehensive study on the invention of the Armenian alphabet.[27] Its first part, examining the historical sources, was published in 1907. The third part was published in Handes Amsorya in Vienna from 1910 to 1921 and then in a separate book in 1928.[36][37] The first two parts, examining the historical sources and the life of Mesrop Mashtots were published in Eastern Armenian in 1968.[38] The complete work was first published in 1984.[27][39]

Acharian wrote a History of Modern Armenian Literature (Պատմութիւն հայոց նոր գրականութեան, 1906–12), History of the Turkish Armenian Question (Տաճկահայոց հարցի պատմութիւնը, 1915) covering the period from 1870 to 1915,[40] The Role of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire (1999), and the History of Armenian Diaspora (2002). He wrote memoirs on Yervand Shahaziz (1917) and Srpouhi Dussap (1951).[17]

Manuscript catalogs

Acharian compiled catalogs of Armenian manuscripts kept at different locations. His catalog of the manuscripts at the Sanasarian College in Erzurum/Karin was published in Handes Amsorya in 1896-97.[41] He later cataloged the Armenian manuscripts in Tabriz (1910), Nor Bayazet (1924), and Tehran (1936).[42][33]

Recognition
Panos Terlemezian's 1928 portrait of Acharian

Acharian is recognized as the father of Armenian linguistics by modern scholars and has been called an "undisputed authority" and the greatest Armenian linguist.[43][44][45] By the 1940s Acharian had an international reputation greater than Nicholas Marr and Ivan Meshchaninov.[46] Rouben Paul Adalian noted that he "single-handedly prepared the central scientific reference works on the Armenian language and, in so doing, vastly expanded modern knowledge and understanding of Armenian civilization through its entire course of development."[1] Jos Weitenberg described him as the "most outstanding personality in Armenian linguistic research."[23]

The Institute of Language of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia is named after Acharian. His bronze bust stands at the central campus of the Yerevan State University.[2] Hrachya Acharian University, one of post-Soviet Armenia's earliest private universities, operated from 1991 to 2012.[47][48] A bust of Acharian was unveiled in Yerevan's Avan District in 2015.[49][50]

Panos Terlemezian (1928)[51] and Martiros Saryan (1943)[52] painted portraits of Acharian.

References
Notes
  1. Also spelled Ajarian, Adjarian or Atcharian.
Citations
  1. Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010). Historical Dictionary of Armenia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 77-78. ISBN 978-0-8108-7450-3.
  2. "Հրաչյա Աճառյան [Hrachia Acharian]". ysu.am (in Armenian). Yerevan State University. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020.
  3. Stepanian 1959, p. 193.
  4. Stepanian 1959, p. 190.
  5. Aghayan 1976, p. 43.
  6. Acharian, Hrachia (1926). Հայերէն արմատական բառարան [Armenian Root Dictionary] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Yerevan University Press. p. 24. Պօլսի բարբառ. իմ մայրենի բարբառս էլ, ինքս լինելով բնիկ Պօլսեցի...
  7. Baloyan 2016, p. 32.
  8. Aghayan 1976, p. 44.
  9. Matossian, Mary Kilbourne (1955). The Impact of Soviet Policies in Armenia. Leiden: Brill. p. 81.
  10. Vertanes, Charles Aznakian (1947). Armenia Reborn. New York: Armenian National Council of America. p. 40.
  11. Aghayan 1976, p. 50.
  12. "Faculty of Oriental Studies". ysu.am. Yerevan State University. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020.
  13. Baloyan 2016, p. 41.
  14. Mirzoyan, Hamlet (April 2010). "Приговорить к расстрелу: Армяне в расстрельных списках Сталина". Noev Kovcheg (in Russian). Archived from the original on 8 March 2019.
  15. Avagyan, Lilit (30 April 2017). "Անհայտ փաստեր Հրաչյա Աճառյանի մասին". mediamax.am (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 10 March 2019.
  16. Abrahamian, Levon Hm. (Summer 1998). "Mother Tongue: Linguistic Nationalism and the Cult of Translation in Postcommunist Armenia" (PDF). Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies. University of California, Berkeley: 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2019.
  17. Baloyan 2016, p. 37.
  18. Aghayan 1976, p. 59.
  19. "The memorial of Atcharyan H." hush.am. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021.
  20. Baloyan 2016, p. 33.
  21. Stepanian 1959, p. 192.
  22. Available online at nayiri.com.
  23. Weitenberg, Joseph J. S. (2002). "Aspects of Armenian dialectology". In Berns, Jan; van Marie, Jaap (eds.). Present-day Dialectology: Problems and Findings. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 144–146.
  24. Aghayan 1976, p. 46.
  25. Available online at nayiri.com.
  26. Stepanian 1959, p. 194.
  27. Baloyan 2016, p. 35.
  28. Kurdian, Harry (1941). "Kirmiz". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 61 (2): 107. doi:10.2307/594255. JSTOR 594255.
  29. Dankoff, Robert (1995). Armenian Loanwords in Turkish. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 4. ISBN 9783447036405. Acharyan's four-volume etymological dictionary of Armenian, a monument of humanistic scholarship.
  30. Baronian, Luc (2017). "Two problems in Armenian phonology". Language and Linguistics Compass. 11 (8): 10. doi:10.1111/lnc3.12247.
  31. Greppin, John A. C. (2003). "Armenian". In Frawley, William (ed.). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics Volume I. Oxford University Press. p. 148. ISBN 9780195139778.
  32. Aghayan 1976, p. 55.
  33. Baloyan 2016, p. 36.
  34. Baloyan 2016, p. 34.
  35. Stepanian 1959, p. 195.
  36. Aghayan 1976, p. 49.
  37. Acharian, Hrachia (1928). Ազգային մատենադարան [National Library] (in Armenian). Vienna: Mekhitarist Press.
  38. Abrahamian, Ashot A. [in Armenian] (1969). "Հրաչյա Աճառյան, Հայոց գրերը (գիրք առաջին), "Հայաստան" հրատարակչություն, Երևան, 1968 թ., 400 էջ [The Armenian Letters, by Hrachia Ajarian]". Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Armenian). № 3 (3): 249–254.
  39. Acharian, Hrachia (1984). Հայոց գրերը [The Armenian Letters] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Hayastan.
  40. Asmaryan, Hrachya (1995). "Հրաչյա Աճառյանի "Տաճկահայոց հարցի պատմությունը" աշխատությունը". Etchmiadzin (in Armenian). 52 (10–12): 107–113.
  41. Stepanian 1959, p. 191.
  42. Aghayan 1976, p. 48.
  43. Jahukyan, Gevorg B.; Sakayan, Dora (2003). A Universal Theory of Language: Prolegomena to Substantional Linguistics. Caravan Books. p. vii. ISBN 9780882061054.
  44. Antosian, Samvel (1976). "Հայ խոշորագույն լեզվաբանը (Հրաչյա Աճառյանի ծննդյան 100-ամյակի առթիվ)". Etchmiadzin (in Armenian). 33 (4): 50–56.
  45. Suvaryan, Yuri; Mirzoyan, Valeri; Hayrapetyan, Ruben (2014). Public Administration: Theory and History. Yerevan: Gitutiun. p. 141.
  46. Medvedev, Zhores A.; Medvedev, Roy A. (2006). The Unknown Stalin. Translated by Ellen Dahrendorf. I.B.Tauris. p. 204. ISBN 9781850439806.
  47. "Yerevan Hrachya Acharyan university no longer offering academic programs- education ministry". arka.am. ARKA News Agency. 31 August 2012. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021.
  48. ""Հրաչյա Աճառյան" համալսարանը այլեւս բարձրագույն կրթություն չի տա". azatutyun.am (in Armenian). RFE/RL. 31 August 2012. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020.
  49. "'A' is for Adjarian". ArmeniaNow. 19 November 2015.
  50. "Մայրաքաղաքում բացվել է Հրաչյա Աճառյանի կիսանդրին (ֆոտո)". news.am (in Armenian). 19 November 2015. Archived from the original on 23 August 2016.
  51. "Պրոֆեսոր Հրաչյա Աճառյանի դիմանկարը (1928)". gallery.am (in Armenian). National Gallery of Armenia. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020.
  52. "Portrait of Hrachia Acharian 1943". sarian.am. Martiros Sarian House-Museum. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019.

Bibliography

Further reading
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