Semipermeable membrane

Semipermeable membrane is a type of biological or synthetic, polymeric membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by osmosis. The rate of passage depends on the pressure, concentration, and temperature of the molecules or solutes on either side, as well as the permeability of the membrane to each solute. Depending on the membrane and the solute, permeability may depend on solute size, solubility, properties, or chemistry. How the membrane is constructed to be selective in its permeability will determine the rate and the permeability. Many natural and synthetic materials which are rather thick are also semipermeable. One example of this is the thin film on the inside of the egg.[1]

Schematic of semipermeable membrane during hemodialysis, where blood is red, dialysing fluid is blue, and the membrane is yellow.

Biological membranes are selectively permeable,[2] with the passage of molecules controlled by facilitated diffusion, passive transport or active transport regulated by proteins embedded in the membrane.

Biological membranes

An example of a biological semi-permeable membrane is the lipid bilayer,[2] on which is based the plasma membrane that surrounds all biological cells. A group of phospholipids (consisting of a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails) arranged into a double layer, the phospholipid bilayer is a semipermeable membrane that is very specific in its permeability. The hydrophilic phosphate heads are in the outside layer and exposed to the water content outside and within the cell. The hydrophobic tails are the layer hidden in the inside of the membrane. Cholesterol molecules are also found throughout the plasma membrane and act as a buffer of membrane fluidity. [3]The phospholipid bilayer is most permeable to small, uncharged solutes. Protein channels are embedded in or through phospholipids,[4] and, collectively, this model is known as the fluid mosaic model. Aquaporins are protein channel pores permeable to water.

Cellular communication

Information can also pass through the plasma membrane when signaling molecules bind to receptors in the cell membrane. The signaling molecules bind to the receptors, which alters the structure of these proteins.[5] A change in the protein structure initiates a signalling cascade.[5] The G protein-coupled receptor signalling provides is an important subset of such signalling processes.[6]

Reverse osmosis

The bulk flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane because of an osmotic pressure difference is called osmosis. This allows only certain particles to go through including water and leaving behind the solutes including salt and other contaminants. In the process of reverse osmosis, water is purified by applying high pressure to a solution and thereby push water through a thin-film composite membrane (TFC or TFM). These are semipermeable membranes manufactured principally for use in water purification or desalination systems. They also have use in chemical applications such as batteries and fuel cells. In essence, a TFC material is a molecular sieve constructed in the form of a film from two or more layered materials. Sidney Loeb and Srinivasa Sourirajan invented the first practical synthetic semi-permeable membrane.[7] Membranes used in reverse osmosis are, in general, made out of polyamide, chosen primarily for its permeability to water and relative impermeability to various dissolved impurities including salt ions and other small molecules that cannot be filtered. Another example of a semipermeable membrane is dialysis tubing.

Other types

Other types of semipermeable membranes are cation-exchange membranes (CEMs), anion-exchange membranes (AEMs), alkali anion exchange membranes (AAEMs) and proton-exchange membranes (PEMs).

References
  1. "Osmosis Eggs | Center for Nanoscale Science". www.mrsec.psu.edu. Center for Nanoscale Science, Penn State University. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  2. Caplan, M.J. (2017). "Functional organization of the cell". In Boron, W.F.; Boulpaep, E.L. (eds.). Medical physiology (Third ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. 8–46. ISBN 9781455743773.
  3. Boughter, Christopher T.; Monje-Galvan, Viviana; Im, Wonpil; Klauda, Jeffery B. (17 November 2016). "Influence of Cholesterol on Phospholipid Bilayer Structure and Dynamics". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 120 (45): 11761–11772. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b08574. ISSN 1520-6106.
  4. Friedl, Sarah. "Semipermeable Membranes' Role in Cell Communication - Video & Lesson Transcript". Study.com. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
  5. Wood, David. "Semipermeable Membrane: Definition & Overview - Video & Lesson Transcript". Study.com. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
  6. Weis, William I.; Kobilka, Brian K. (20 June 2018). "The Molecular Basis of G Protein–Coupled Receptor Activation". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 87 (1): 897–919. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-033910. PMC 6535337. PMID 29925258.
  7. US 3133132, Sidney, Loeb & Srinivasa, Sourirajan, "High flow porous membranes for separating water from saline solutions", published 12 May 1964

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Further reading
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