Hydrolysis constant
The word hydrolysis is applied to chemical reactions in which a substance reacts with water. In organic chemistry, the products of the reaction are usually molecular, being formed by combination with H and OH groups (e.g., hydrolysis of an ester to an alcohol and a carboxylic acid). In inorganic chemistry, the word most often applies to cations forming soluble hydroxide or oxide complexes with, in some cases, the formation of hydroxide and oxide precipitates.
Metal hydrolysis and associated equilibrium constant values
The hydrolysis reaction for a hydrated metal ion in aqueous solution can be written as:
- p Mz+ + q H2O ⇌ Mp(OH)q(pz–q) + q H+
and the corresponding formation constant as:
and associated equilibria can be written as:
- MOx(OH)z–2x(s) + z H+ ⇌ Mz+ + (z–x) H2O
- MOx(OH)z–2x(s) + x H2O ⇌ Mz+ + z OH−
- p MOx(OH)z–2x(s) + (pz–q) H+ ⇌ Mp(OH)q(pz–q) + (pz–px–q) H2O
Barium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[1] | Nordstrom et al., 1990[2] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[3] |
---|---|---|---|
Ba2+ + H2O ⇌ BaOH+ + H+ | –13.47 | –13.47 | –13.32 ± 0.07 |
Beryllium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[4] |
---|---|
Be2+ + H2O ⇌ BeOH+ + H+ | –5.10 |
Be2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Be(OH)2 + 2 H+ | –23.65 |
Be2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Be(OH)3– + 3 H+ | –23.25 |
Be2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Be(OH)42– + 4 H+ | –37.42 |
2 Be2+ + H2O ⇌ Be2OH3+ + H+ | –3.97 |
3 Be2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Be3(OH)33+ + 3 H+ | –8.92 |
6 Be2+ + 8 H2O ⇌ Be6(OH)84+ + 8 H+ | –27.2 |
α-Be(OH)2(cr) + 2 H+ ⇌ Be2+ + 2 H2O | 6.69 |
Boron
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[5] | NIST46[6] |
---|---|---|
B(OH)3 + H2O ⇌ Be(OH)4+ + H+ | –9.236 | –9.236 ± 0.002 |
2 B(OH)3 ⇌ B2(OH)5– + H+ | –9.36 | –9.306 |
3 B(OH)3 ⇌ B3O3(OH)4– + H+ + 2 H2O | –7.03 | –7.306 |
4 B(OH)3 ⇌ B4O5(OH)42– + 2 H+ + 3 H2O | –16.3 | –15.032 |
Calcium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[1] | Nordstrom et al., 1990[2] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[7] |
---|---|---|---|
Ca2+ + H2O ⇌ CaOH+ + H+ | –12.85 | –12.78 | –12.57 ± 0.03 |
Ca(OH)2(cr) + 2 H+ ⇌ Ca2+ + 2 H2O | 22.80 | 22.8 | 22.75 ± 0.02 |
Chromium(II)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | NIST46[6] | Ball and Nordstrom, 1988[8] |
---|---|---|
Cr2+ + H2O ⇌ CrOH+ + H+ | –5.5 | |
Cr(OH)2(s) ⇌ Cr2+ + 2 OH– | –17 ± 0.02 |
Chromium(III)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[9] | Rai et al., 1987[10] | Ball and Nordstrom, 1988[8] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[11] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cr3+ + H2O ⇌ CrOH2+ + H+ | –4.0 | –3.57 ± 0.08 | –3.60 ± 0.07 | |
Cr3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Cr(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | –9.7 | –9.84 | –9.65 ± 0.20 | |
Cr3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Cr(OH)3 + 3 H+ | –18 | –16.19 | –16.25 ± 0.19 | |
Cr3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Cr(OH)4- + 4 H+ | –27.4 | –27.65 ± 0.12 | –27.56 ± 0.21 | |
2 Cr3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Cr2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | –5.06 | –5.0 | –5.29 ± 0.16 | |
3 Cr3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Cr3(OH)45+ + 4 H+ | –8.15 | –10.75 ± 0.15 | –9.10 ± 0.14 | |
Cr(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Cr3+ + 3 H2O | 12 | 9.35 | 9.41 ± 0.17 | |
Cr2O3(s) + 6 H+ ⇌ 2 Cr3+ + 3 H2O | 8.52 | |||
CrO1.5(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Cr3+ + 1.5 H2O | 7.83 ± 0.10 |
Chromium(VI)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[12] | Ball and Nordstrom, 1998[8] |
---|---|---|
CrO42– + H+ ⇌ HCrO4– | 6.51 | 6.55 ± 0.04 |
HCrO4– + H+ ⇌ H2CrO4 | –0.20 | |
CrO42– + 2 H+ ⇌ H2CrO4 | 6.31 | |
2 HCrO4– ⇌ Cr2O72– + H2O | 1.523 | |
2 CrO42– + 2 H+ ⇌ Cr2O72– + H2O | 14.7 ± 0.1 |
Cobalt(II)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[13] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[14] |
---|---|---|
Co2+ + H2O ⇌ Co(OH)+ + H+ | –9.65 | −9.61 ± 0.17 |
Co2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Co(OH)2 + 2 H+ | –18.8 | −19.77 ± 0.11 |
Co2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Co(OH)3– + 3 H+ | –31.5 | −32.01 ± 0.33 |
Co2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Co(OH)42– + 4 H+ | –46.3 | |
2 Co2+ + H2O ⇌ Co2(OH)3+ + H+ | –11.2 | |
4 Co2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Co4(OH)44+ + 4H+ | –30.53 | |
Co(OH)2(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Co2+ + 2 H2O | 12.3 | 13.24 ± 0.12 |
CoO(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Co2+ + H2O | 13.71 ± 0.10 |
Cobalt(III)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[15] |
---|---|
Co3+ + H2O ⇌ Co(OH)2+ + H+ | −1.07 ± 0.11 |
Copper(I)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[16] |
---|---|
Cu+ + H2O ⇌ Cu(OH) + H+ | –7.8 ± 0.4 |
Cu+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Cu(OH)2– + 2 H+ | –18.6 ± 0.6 |
Copper(II)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[17] | NIST46[6] | Plyasunova et al., 1997[18] | Powell et al., 2007[19] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[16] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu2+ + H2O ⇌ CuOH+ + H+ | < –8 | –7.7 | –7.97 ± 0.09 | –7.95 ± 0.16 | –7.64 ± 0.17 |
Cu2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Cu(OH)2 + 2 H+ | (< –17.3) | –17.3 | –16.23 ± 0.15 | –16.2 ± 0.2 | –16.24 ± 0.03 |
Cu2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Cu(OH)3– + 3 H+ | (< –27.8) | –27.8 | –26.63 ± 0.40 | –26.60 ± 0.09 | –26.65 ± 0.13 |
Cu2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Cu(OH)42– + 4 H+ | –39.6 | –39.6 | –39.73 ± 0.17 | –39.74 ± 0.18 | –39.70 ± 0.19 |
2 Cu2+ + H2O ⇌ Cu2(OH)3+ + H+ | –6.71 ± 0.30 | –6.40 ± 0.12 | –6.41 ± 0.17 | ||
2 Cu2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Cu2(OH)22+ + 2 H+ | –10.36 | –10.3 | –10.55 ± 0.17 | –10.43 ± 0.07 | –10.55 ± 0.02 |
3 Cu2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Cu3(OH)42+ + 4 H+ | –20.95 ± 0.30 | –21.1 ± 0.2 | –21.2 ± 0.4 | ||
CuO(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Cu2+ + H2O | 7.62 | 7.64 ± 0.06 | 7.64 ± 0.06 | 7.63 ± 0.05 | |
Cu(OH)2(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Cu2+ + 2 H2O | 8.67 ± 0.05 | 8.68 ± 0.10 |
Gadolinium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[20] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[21] |
---|---|---|
Gd3+ + H2O ⇌ GdOH2+ + H+ | –8.0 | –7.87 ± 0.05 |
Gd3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Gd(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | (–16.4) | |
Gd3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Gd(OH)3 + 3 H+ | (–25.2) | |
Gd3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Gd(OH)4– + 4 H+ | –34.4 | |
2 Gd3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Gd2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | –14.16 ± 0.20 | |
3 Gd3+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Gd3(OH)54+ + 5 H+ | –33.0 ± 0.3 | |
Gd(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Gd3+ + 3 H2O | 15.6 | 17.20 ± 0.48 |
Gd(OH)3(c) + OH– ⇌ Gd(OH)4– | –4.8 ± 0.3 | |
Gd(OH)3(c) ⇌ Gd(OH)3 | –9.6 |
Gallium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[22] | Smith et al., 2003[23] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[24] |
---|---|---|---|
Ga3+ + H2O ⇌ GaO)2+ + H+ | –2.6 | –2.897 | –2.74 |
Ga3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Ga(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | –5.9 | –6.694 | –7.0 |
Ga3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Ga(OH)3 + 3 H+ | –10.3 | –11.96 | |
Ga3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Ga(OH)4– + 4 H+ | –16.6 | –16.588 | –15.52 |
Ga(OH)3(s) ⇌ Ga3+ + 3 OH– | –37 | –37.0 | |
GaO(OH)(s) + H2O ⇌ Ga3+ + 3 OH– | –39.06 | –39.1 | –40.51 |
Germanium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[25] | Wood and Samson, 2006[26] | Filella and May, 2023[27] |
---|---|---|---|
Ge(OH)4 ⇌ GeO(OH)3- + H+ | –9.31 | –9.32 ± 0.05 | –9.099 |
Ge(OH)4 ⇌ GeO2(OH)22+ + 2 H+ | –21.9 | ||
GeO2(OH)22– + H+ ⇌ GeO(OH)3– | 12.76 | ||
8 Ge(OH)4 ⇌ Ge8O16(OH)33- + 13 H2O + 3 H+ | –14.24 | ||
8 Ge(OH)4 + 3 OH– ⇌ Ge8(OH)353– | 28.33 | ||
GeO2(s, hexa) + 2 H2O ⇌ Ge(OH)4 | –1.35 | –1.373 | |
GeO2(s, tetra) + 2 H2O ⇌ Ge(OH)4 | -4.37 | –5.02 | –4.999 |
Iron(II)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[28] | Nordstrom et al., 1990[2] | Hummel et al., 2002[29] | Lemire et al., 2013[30] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[31] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe2+ + H2O ⇌ FeOH+ + H+ | –9.3 ± 0.5 | –9.5 | –9.5 | –9.1 ± 0.4 | −9.43 ± 0.10 |
Fe2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Fe(OH)2 + 2 H+ | –20.5 ± 1.0 | −20.52 ± 0.08 | |||
Fe2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Fe(OH)3- + 3 H+ | –29.4 ± 1.2 | −32.68 ± 0.15 | |||
Fe(OH)2(s) +2 H+ ⇌ Fe2+ + 2 H2O | 12.27 ± 0.88 |
Lithium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[32] | Nordstrom et al., 1990[2] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[33] |
---|---|---|---|
Li+ + H2O ⇌ LiOH + H+ | –13.64 ± 0.06 | –13.64 | –13.84 ± 0.14 |
Magnesium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[34] | Nordstrom et al., 1990[2] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[35] |
---|---|---|---|
Mg2+ + H2O ⇌ MgOH+ + H+ | –11.44 | –11.44 | –11.70 ± 0.04 |
4 Mg2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Mg4(OH)44+ + 4 H+ | –39.71 | ||
Mg(OH)2(cr) + 2 H+ ⇌ Mg2+ + 2 H2O | 16.84 | 16.84 | 17.11 ± 0.04 |
Manganese(II)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Perrin et al., 1969[36] | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[37] | Nordstrom et al., 1990[2] | Hummel et al., 2002[29] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[38] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mn2+ + H2O ⇌ MnOH+ + H+ | –10.59 | –10.59 | –10.59 | –10.59 | −10.58 ± 0.04 |
Mn2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Mn(OH)2 + 2 H+ | –22.2 | −22.18 ± 0.20 | |||
Mn2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Mn(OH)3– + 3 H+ | –34.8 | −34.34 ± 0.45 | |||
Mn2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Mn(OH)42– + 4 H+ | –48.3 | −48.28 ± 0.40 | |||
2 Mn2+ + H2O ⇌ Mn2OH3+ + H+ | –10.56 | ||||
2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Mn2(OH)3+ + 6 H+ | –23.90 | ||||
Mn(OH)2(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Mn2+ + 2 H2O | 15.2 | 15.2 | 15.2 | 15.19 ± 0.10 | |
MnO(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Mn2+ + H2O | 17.94 ± 0.12 |
Manganese(III)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[39] |
---|---|
Mn3+ + H2O ⇌ MnOH2+ + H+ | –11.70 ± 0.04 |
Nickel(II)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Feitknecht and Schindler, 1963[40] | Baes and Messmer, 1976[41] | NIST46[6] | Gamsjäger et al., 2005[42] | Thoenen et al., 2014[43] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[44] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni2+ + H2O ⇌ NiOH+ + H+ | –9.86 | –9.9 | –9.54 ± 0.14 | –9.54 ± 0.14 | –9.90 ± 0.03 | |
Ni2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Ni(OH)2 + 2 H+ | –19 | –19 | < –18 | –21.15 ± 0.0 | ||
Ni2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Ni(OH)3– + 3 H+ | –30 | –30 | –29.2 ± 1.7 | –29.2 ± 1.7 | ||
Ni2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Ni(OH)42– + 4 H+ | < –44 | |||||
2 Ni2+ + H2O ⇌ Ni2(OH)3+ + H+ | –10.7 | –10.6 ± 1.0 | –10.6 ± 1.0 | –10.6 ± 1.0 | ||
4 Ni2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Ni4(OH)44+ + 4 H+ | –27.74 | –27.7 | –27.52 ± 0.15 | –27.52 ± 0.15 | –27.9 ± 0.6 | |
β-Ni(OH)2(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Ni2+ + 2 H2O | 10.8 | 11.02 ± 0.20 | 10.96 ± 0.20
11.75 ± 0.13 (microcr) | |||
Ni(OH)2(s) ⇌ Ni2+ + 2 OH– | –17.2 (inactive) | –17.2 | –16.97± 0.20 (β)
–17.2 ± 1.3 (cr) |
|||
Ni(OH)2(s) + OH– ⇌ Ni(OH)3– | –4.2 (inactive) | |||||
NiO(cr) + 2 H+ ⇌ Ni2+ + H2O | 12.38 ± 0.06 | 12.48 ± 0.15 |
Potassium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[32] | Nordstrom et al., 1990[2] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[45] |
---|---|---|---|
K+ + H2O ⇌ KOH + H+ | –14.46 ± 0.4 | –14.46 | –14.5 ± 0.4 |
Radium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Nordstrom et al., 1990[2] |
---|---|
Ra2+ + H2O ⇌ RaOH+ + H+ | –13.49 |
Scandium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[46] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[47] |
---|---|---|
Sc3+ + H2O ⇌ ScOH2+ + H+ | –4.3 | –4.16 ± 0.05 |
Sc3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Sc(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | –9.7 | –9.71 ± 0.30 |
Sc3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Sc(OH)3 + 3 H+ | –16.1 | –16.08 ± 0.30 |
Sc3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Sc(OH)4–+ 4 H+ | –26 | –26.7 ± 0.3 |
2 Sc3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Sc2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | –6.0 | –6.02 ± 0.10 |
3 Sc3+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Sc3(OH)54+ + 5 H+ | –16.34 | –16.33 ± 0.10 |
Sc(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Sc3+ + 3 H2O | 9.17 ± 0.30 | |
ScO1.5(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Sc3+ + 1.5 H2O | 5.53 ± 0.30 | |
ScO(OH)(c) + 3 H+ ⇌ Sc3+ + 2 H2O | 9.4 | |
Sc(OH)3(c) + OH– ⇌ Sc(OH)4 | –3.5 ± 0.2 |
Selenium(–II)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Olin et al., 2015[48] | Thoenen et al., 2014[43] |
---|---|---|
H2Se(g) ⇌ H2Se(aq) | –1.10 ± 0.01 | –1.10 ± 0.01 |
H2Se ⇌ HSe– + H+ | –3.85 ± 0.05 | –3.85 ± 0.05 |
HSe– ⇌ Se2– + H+ | –14.91 ± 0.20 |
Selenium(IV)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[49] | Olin et al., 2005[48] | Thoenen et al., 2014[43] |
---|---|---|---|
SeO32– + H+ ⇌ HSeO3– | 8.50 | 8.36 ± 0.23 | 8.36 ± 0.23 |
HSeO3– + H+ ⇌ H2SeO3 | 2.75 | 2.64 ± 0.14 | 2.64 ± 0.14 |
Selenium(VI)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[50] | Olin et al., 2005[48] | Thoenen et al., 2014[43] |
---|---|---|---|
SeO42‒ + H+ ⇌ HSeO4‒ | 1.360 | 1.75 ± 0.10 | 1.75 ± 0.10 |
Silicon
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[51] | Thoenen et al., 2014[43] |
---|---|---|
Si(OH)4 ⇌ SiO(OH)3– + H+ | –9.86 | –9.81 ± 0.02 |
Si(OH)4 ⇌ SiO2(OH)22– + 2 H+ | –22.92 | –23.14 ± 0.09 |
4 Si(OH)4 ⇌ Si4O6(OH)64– + 2 H+ + 4 H2O | –13.44 | |
4 Si(OH)4 ⇌ Si4O8(OH)44– + 4 H+ + 4 H2O | –35.80 | –36.3 ± 0.2 |
SiO2(quartz) + 2 H2O ⇌ Si(OH)4 | –4.0 | –3.739 ± 0.087 |
SiO2(am) + 2 H2O ⇌ Si(OH)4 | –2.714 |
Sodium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[32] | Nordstrom et al., 1990[2] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[52] |
---|---|---|---|
Na+ + H2O ⇌ NaOH + H+ | –14.18 ± 0.25 | –14.18 | –14.4 ± 0.2 |
Strontium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[1] | Nordstrom et al., 1990[2] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[53] |
---|---|---|---|
Sr2+ + H2O ⇌ SrOH+ + H+ | –13.29 | –13.29 | –13.15 ± 0.05 |
Titanium(III)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Perrin et al., 1969[54] | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[55] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[56] |
---|---|---|---|
Ti3+ + H2O ⇌ TiOH2+ + H+ | –1.29 | –2.2 | –1.65 ± 0.11 |
2 Ti3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Ti2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | –3.6 | –2.64 ± 0.10 |
Titanium(IV)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[55] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[56] |
---|---|---|
Ti(OH)22+ + H2O ⇌ Ti(OH)3+ + H+ | ⩽–2.3 | |
Ti(OH)22+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Ti(OH)4 + 2 H+ | –4.8 | |
TiO2+ + H2O ⇌ TiOOH+ + H+ | –2.48 ± 0.10 | |
TiO2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ TiO(OH)2 + 2 H+ | –5.49 ± 0.14 | |
TiO2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ TiO(OH)3– + 3 H+ | –17.4 ± 0.5 | |
TiO(OH)2 + H2O ⇌ TiO(OH)3– + H+ | –11.9 ±0.5 | |
TiO2(c) +2 H2O ⇌ Ti(OH)4 | ~ –4.8 | |
TiO2(s) + H+ ⇌ TiOOH+ | –6.06 ± 0.30 | |
TiO2(s) + H2O ⇌ TiO(OH)2 | –9.02 ± 0.02 | |
TiO2 x H2O ⇌ Ti(OH)22+[OH–] | ||
TiO2(s) + 4 H+ ⇌ Ti4+ + 2 H2O | –3.56 ± 0.10 |
Vanadium(IV)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[39] |
---|---|
VO2+ + H2O ⇌ VO(OH)+ + H+ | –5.30 ± 0.13 |
2 VO2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ (VO)2(OH)22+ + 2 H+ | –6.71 ± 0.10 |
Vanadium(V)
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[57] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[58] |
---|---|---|
VO2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ VO(OH)3 + H+ | –3.3 | |
VO2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ VO2(OH)2– + 2 H+ | –7.3 | –7.18 ± 0.12 |
10 VO2+ + 8 H2O ⇌ V10O26(OH)24– + 14 H+ | –10.7 | |
VO2(OH)2– ⇌ VO3(OH)2– + H+ | –8.55 | |
2 VO2(OH)2– ⇌ V2O6(OH)23– + H+ + H2O | –6.53 | |
VO3(OH)2– ⇌ VO43– + H+ | –14.26 | |
2 VO3(OH)2– ⇌ V2O74– + H2O | 0.56 | |
3 VO3(OH)2– + 3 H+⇌ V3O93– + 3 H2O | 31.81 | |
V10O26(OH)24– ⇌ V10O27(OH)5– + 3 H+ | –3.6 | |
V10O27(OH)5– ⇌ V10O286– + H+ | –6.15 | |
VO2+ + H2O ⇌ VO2OH + H+ | –3.25 ± 0.1 | |
VO2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ VO2(OH)32- + 3 H+ | –15.74 ± 0.19 | |
VO2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ VO2(OH)43- + 4 H+ | –30.03 ± 0.24 | |
2 VO2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ (VO2)2(OH)42- + 4 H+ | –11.66 ± 0.53 | |
2 VO2+ + 5 H2O ⇌ (VO2)2(OH)53- + 5 H+ | –20.91 ± 0.22 | |
2 VO2+ + 6 H2O ⇌ (VO2)2(OH)64- + 6 H+ | –32.43 ± 0.30 | |
4 VO2+ + 8 H2O ⇌ (VO2)4(OH)84- + 8 H+ | –20.78 ± 0.33 | |
4 VO2+ + 9 H2O ⇌ (VO2)4(OH)95- + 9 H+ | –31.85 ± 0.26 | |
4 VO2+ + 10 H2O ⇌ (VO2)4(OH)106- + 10 H+ | –45.85 ± 0.26 | |
5 VO2+ + 10 H2O ⇌ (VO2)5(OH)105- + 10 H+ | –27.02 ± 0.34 | |
10 VO2+ + 14 H2O ⇌ (VO2)10(OH)144- + 14 H+ | –10.5 ± 0.3 | |
10 VO2+ + 15 H2O ⇌ (VO2)10(OH)155- + 15 H+ | –15.73 ± 0.33 | |
10 VO2+ + 16 H2O ⇌ (VO2)10(OH)166- + 16 H+ | –23.90 ± 0.35 | |
½ V2O5(c) + H+ ⇌ VO2+ + ½ H2O | –0.66 | |
V2O5(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ 2 VO2+ + H2O | –0.64 ± 0.09 |
Yttrium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[59] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[60] |
---|---|---|
Y3+ + H2O ⇌ YOH2+ + H+ | –7.7 | –7.77 ± 0.06 |
Y3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Y(OH)2+ + 2 H+ | (–16.4) [Estimation] | |
Y3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Y(OH)3 + 3 H+ | (–26.0) [Estimation] | |
Y3+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Y(OH)4-+ 4 H+ | –36.5 | |
2 Y3+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Y2(OH)24+ + 2 H+ | –14.23 | –14.1 ± 0.2 |
3 Y3+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Y3(OH)54+ + 5 H+ | –31.6 | –32.7 ± 0.3 |
Y(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ ⇌ Y3+ + 3 H2O | 17.5 | 17.32 ± 0.30 |
Zinc
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[61] | Powell and Brown, 2013[62] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[63] |
---|---|---|---|
Zn2+ + H2O ⇌ ZnOH+ + H+ | −8.96 | −8.96 ± 0.05 | −8.94 ± 0.06 |
Zn2+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Zn(OH)2 + 2 H+ | −16.9 | –17.82 ± 0.08 | −17.89 ± 0.15 |
Zn2+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Zn(OH)3- + 3 H+ | −28.4 | –28.05 ± 0.05 | −27.98 ± 0.10 |
Zn2+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Zn(OH)42- + 4 H+ | −41.2 | –40.41 ± 0.12 | −40.35 ± 0.22 |
2 Zn2+ + H2O ⇌ Zn2OH3+ + H+ | −9.0 | –7.9 ± 0.2 | −7.89 ± 0.31 |
2 Zn2+ + 6 H2O ⇌ Zn2(OH)62- + 6 H+ | −57.8 | ||
ZnO(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Zn2+ + H2O | 11.14 | 11.12 ± 0.05 | 11.11 ± 0.10 |
ε-Zn(OH)2(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Zn2+ + 2 H2O | 11.38 ± 0.20 | 11.38± 0.20 | |
β1-Zn(OH)2(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Zn2+ + 2 H2O | 11.72 ± 0.04 | ||
β2-Zn(OH)2(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Zn2+ + 2 H2O | 11.76 ± 0.04 | ||
γ-Zn(OH)2(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Zn2+ + 2 H2O | 11.70 ± 0.04 | ||
δ-Zn(OH)2(s) + 2 H+ ⇌ Zn2+ + 2 H2O | 11.81 ± 0.04 |
Zirconium
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Reaction | Baes and Mesmer, 1976[64] | Thoenen et al., 2014[43] | Brown and Ekberg, 2016[65] |
---|---|---|---|
Zr4+ + H2O ⇌ ZrOH3+ + H+ | 0.32 | 0.32 ± 0.22 | 0.12 ± 0.12 |
Zr4+ + 2 H2O ⇌ Zr(OH)22+ + 2 H+ | (−1.7)* | 0.98 ± 1.06* | −0.18 ± 0.17* |
Zr4+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Zr(OH)3+ + 3 H+ | (−5.1) | ||
Zr4+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Zr(OH)4 + 4 H+ | –9.7* | –2.19 ± 0.70* | −4.53 ± 0.37* |
Zr4+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Zr(OH)5– + 5 H+ | –16.0 | ||
Zr4+ + 6 H2O ⇌ Zr(OH)62– + 6 H+ | –29± 0.70 | –30.5 ± 0.3 | |
3 Zr4+ + 4 H2O ⇌ Zr3(OH)48+ + 4 H+ | –0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.90 ± 0.18 |
3 Zr4+ + 5 H2O ⇌ Zr3(OH)57+ + 5 H+ | 3.70 | ||
3 Zr4+ + 9 H2O ⇌ Zr3(OH)93+ + 9 H+ | 12.19 ± 0.20 | 12.19 ± 0.20 | |
4 Zr4+ + 8 H2O ⇌ Zr4(OH)88+ + 8 H+ | 6.0 | 6.52 ± 0.05 | 6.52 ± 0.05 |
4 Zr4+ + 15 H2O ⇌ Zr4(OH)15+ + 15 H+ | 12.58± 0.24 | ||
4 Zr4+ + 16 H2O ⇌ Zr4(OH)16 + 16 H+ | 8.39± 0.80 | ||
ZrO2(s) + 4 H+ ⇌ Zr4+ + 2 H2O | –1.9* | –5.37 ± 0.42* | |
ZrO2(s, baddeleyite) + 4 H+ ⇌ Zr4+ + 2 H2O | –7 ± 1.6 | ||
ZrO2(am) + 4 H+ ⇌ Zr4+ + 2 H2O | –3.24± 0.10 | –2.97 ± 0.18 |
*Errors in compilations concerning equilibrium and/or data elaboration. Data not recommended. It is strongly suggested to refer to the original papers.
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